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| '''] in ]''' ({{lang-ru|Русские на Уркаине}}) form the largest minority in that country, and the community forms the largest single ] in the world. In the ], 8,334,100 identified themselves as ethnic Russians (17.3% of the total population), thereby making up the largest diaspora of the ethnic Russian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title= Results / General results of the census / National composition of population |accessdate= |accessmonthday=] |accessyear=] |work=] |language=English}}</ref> | '''] in ]''' ({{lang-uk|Росіяни в Україні}}) ({{lang-ru|Русские на Уркаине}}) form the largest minority in that country, and the community forms the largest single ] in the world. In the ], 8,334,100 identified themselves as ethnic Russians (17.3% of the total population), thereby making up the largest diaspora of the ethnic Russian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title= Results / General results of the census / National composition of population |accessdate= |accessmonthday=] |accessyear=] |work=] |language=English}}</ref> | ||
| ==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
| {{expand}} | |||
| Most ] live in the East and South of ], as well as in many cities in the center of the country. ], ] and ] are considered to be home of the largest ] ]. | Most ] live in the East and South of ], as well as in many cities in the center of the country. ], ] and ] are considered to be home of the largest ] ]. | ||
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| ===Growth of Ukrainian identity=== | ===Growth of Ukrainian identity=== | ||
| Russians and Ukrainians, |
Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians, ] peoples, shared a common ancestry until the demise of the ] in the 13th century. Physically separated by different powers after the ], different identities began to develop as a result. Although the term ] continued to be used to refer to all three branches of Eastern Slavic peoples by the end of the 19th century, with the rise of the ] and the ] of 1648, in Ukraine a separate identity was formed. After their alliance with ] after the ] and eventual incorporation of ] into the ], attempts were made to incorporate Ukrainians into the Russian nation. ] used the term ] to refer to the ] of ], when it fell under Russian protection. While there were successes in the assimilation drive, by and large the Ukrainian separate identity survived, transforming from Ruthenian into Ukrainian. | ||
| Other Ruthenian provinces that remained outside the Russian Empire, included ], ] and ] had a surge of ] which lasted until the end of the 19th century. However, in the late 19th and 20th centuries the Ukrainian national sentiment grew in all territories populated by Ukrainians. With the creation of first ] and then the ], Ukrainians achieved their statehood, albeit limited, and became the dominant ethnic group in their country. | Other Ruthenian provinces that remained outside the Russian Empire, included ], ] and ] had a surge of ] which lasted from late 18th century until the end of the 19th century. However, in the late 19th and 20th centuries the Ukrainian national sentiment grew in all territories populated by Ukrainians. With the creation of first ] and then the ], Ukrainians achieved their statehood, albeit limited, and became the dominant ethnic group in their country. | ||
| ===New Russia=== | ===New Russia=== | ||
| Line 18: | Line 19: | ||
| At the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire ] from the former ]. In order to keep them, a systematic colonization of land that became known as ] (mainly ], ] and around ]) began. Migrants from many ethnic groups came to this area, a large portion came from Russia proper. At the same time the discovery of coal in the ] also began a large industrialization and an influx of workers from other parts of the Russian Empire. | At the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire ] from the former ]. In order to keep them, a systematic colonization of land that became known as ] (mainly ], ] and around ]) began. Migrants from many ethnic groups came to this area, a large portion came from Russia proper. At the same time the discovery of coal in the ] also began a large industrialization and an influx of workers from other parts of the Russian Empire. | ||
| Both |
Both Ukrainians and Russians made the bulk of the migrants — 42.0 % and 31.8% respectively. <ref> Игорь Гуров</ref> The population eventually became intermixed, and in the policy of ], the Russian identity dominated over mixed families and communities. Ukrainian separatism was suppressed as the Russian Empire officially regarded Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians as Little, Great and White Russians, which, according to the Russian authorities belonged to a single Russian nation. These ethnic groups were considered members of the same nationality and as such, there were no restrictions placed on them, unlike on other ethnicities or nationalities, such as ] and ] | ||
| ⚫ | ===October Revolution and Ukrainian SSR=== | ||
| ⚫ | The first census of the Russian Empire, conducted in ] showed predominance of Ukrainian <ref> 1897 Census on Demoscope.ru on 20th May 2007.</ref> language speakers in the nine south-western Governorates and the ]. When ] officials were determining the borders of the new Ukrainian state they took the results of the census in regards to the language and religion as determining factors in drawing the borders of the new Ukrainian state. As a result, the ethnographic borders of new Ukrainian state turned out to be almost twice as large as the ] incorporated into Russia in the 17th century <ref>''Den'' - Imperia i my, by Stanislav Kulchitsky, Vol. 9, 26 Jan. 2006. on 19 March 2007.</ref>. | ||
| ⚫ | ===October Revolution and Ukrainian SSR=== | ||
| ] (УНР) and the ] (ДКР on the map) and Odessa Soviet Republics.]] | ] (УНР) and the ] (ДКР on the map) and Odessa Soviet Republics.]] | ||
| ⚫ | ] during the ] (1918-1922). Although macroscopically ] was fought over by several powers (], ], ]); ], the ] ] as well as the ] and the ]. The population of New Russia by large, allied themselves only with the latter two. A large portion of men that made up the armies of ] and ] came from New Russian volunteers (see ]). The ] also found its echo amongst the extensive working class and |
||
| ===October Revolution and Ukrainian SSR=== | |||
| ⚫ | Initially the Bolshevik government treated the Ukrainian People's Republic separately from the Southern and Eastern regions of the country and formed the ] (USPR) shortly after the Revolution, claiming areas that excluded the Southern and Eastern regions <ref> Ukrainian (Soviet) People's Republic World History Project on 19 May 2007</ref>. However because gaining Ukraine was crucial for the Soviet government, and to do so required support of the Ukrainian people. The issues of borders of the future Ukraine was a major one that the Bolsheviks contested with the new national states in the battle for the support of ordinary Ukrainians. | ||
| ⚫ | ] during the ] (1918-1922). Although macroscopically ] was fought over by several powers (], ], ]); ], the ] ] as well as the ] and the ]. The population of New Russia by large, allied themselves only with the latter two. A large portion of men that made up the armies of ] and ] came from New Russian volunteers (see ]). The ] also found its echo amongst the extensive working class and several Soviet Republics were formed by Bolsheviks of Ukraine: Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida, Don Soviet Republic, ]<ref> Odesskaya Olbast, World History Project on May 19 2007.</ref>, ]. Of them all the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic last the longest — four months. These short-lived republics barely exercised any sovereignty over the claimed area and were never recognized by fellow Bolsheviks in Russia <ref>''Dzerkalo Tyzhnya'' - Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic — illusions and practic of national nihilism, by Valeriy Soldatenko, 10 Dec. 2004. on 19 March 2007.</ref>. | ||
| ⚫ | Initially the Bolshevik government treated the Ukrainian People's Republic separately from the Southern and Eastern regions of the country and formed the ] (USPR) shortly after the Revolution, claiming areas that excluded the Southern and Eastern regions <ref> Ukrainian (Soviet) People's Republic World History Project on 19 May 2007</ref>. However because gaining Ukraine was crucial for the Soviet government, and to do so required support of the Ukrainian people. The issues of borders of the future Ukraine was a major one that the Bolsheviks contested with the new national states in the battle for the support of ordinary Ukrainians. | ||
| ⚫ | The first census of the Russian Empire, conducted in ] showed |
||
| ⚫ | The |
||
| ⚫ | The national republics claimed their borders based on the 1897 census, which would include New Russia, Donbass and other neighbouring provinces. Although de facto few of these states were able to exercise sovereignty in those areas, to appease the Ukrainian bolsheviks, the Soviet government never recognized the short-lived republics in south as permanent, and in March of 1919 after the successful re-conquest created the ] by combining the territories of all previous small Soviet republics. This led to many regions with Russian population being incorporated into ]. | ||
| ===Early Soviet times=== | ===Early Soviet times=== | ||
| After the ] victory in 1923, ] identified two threats to the still weak Soviet state: Great Power Chauvinism (Russian chauvinism) and separatist nationalism. <ref> "National Factors in Party and State Affairs -- Theses for the Twelfth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Approved by the Central Committee of the Party," </ref>. | After the ] victory in 1923, ] identified two threats to the still weak Soviet state: Great Power Chauvinism (Russian chauvinism) and separatist nationalism. <ref> "National Factors in Party and State Affairs -- Theses for the Twelfth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Approved by the Central Committee of the Party," </ref>. | ||
| In Ukraine's case, both threats came, respectfully, from the south and the east, and the traditional Ukrainian dominated centre and west. This |
In Ukraine's case, both threats came, respectfully, from the south and the east, and the traditional Ukrainian dominated centre and west. This initiated a policy of Ukrainization, to simultaneously break the remnants of the Russian nationalist sentiment and to gain favour of the Ukrainian population, thus recognizing their rights and their dominance of the republic.<ref>For more information, see ]</ref> | ||
| Many communities of the ] were closed and transferred to the ] <ref> Pravoslavie.ru History of the Lubensky schism by Vladislav Petrushko, 19 June 2002. on 20 May 2007 </ref>. Ukrainian language |
Many communities of the ] were closed and transferred to the ] <ref> Pravoslavie.ru History of the Lubensky schism by Vladislav Petrushko, 19 June 2002. on 20 May 2007 </ref>. During the policy of Ukrainization, the Ukrainian language became mandatory for most jobs, and its teaching became compulsory in every school. By 1930 there were only three Russian language newspapers being printed in Ukraine and in places like Odessa where ethnic Ukrainian pupils made up only a third of school children, all schools taught in Ukrainian. | ||
| In ], a man-made famine resulted from Stalin's policy of ]. In Ukraine, this event |
In ], a man-made famine resulted from Stalin's policy of ]. In Ukraine, this event became known as the ]. From the famine, several million people died in Ukrainian SSR alone. At this time, the Soviet state reversed many of its Ukrainization policies, forced the Ukrainian SSR to cede some territories to the RSFSR (notably the ] and ] borderland), destroyed the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and emphasized the learning of Russian as the official language as top priority in schools. | ||
| ===Latter Soviet Times=== | ===Latter Soviet Times=== | ||
| Both the famine, the rapid ], and the rebuilding of the ] destruction prompted a new wave of migrants from the rest of the Soviet Union to settle in the Southern and Eastern Ukraine, thus increasing the proportion of the Russian speaking population. Near the end of WWII, the entire indigenous population of ] was expelled from their homeland |
Both the famine, the rapid ], and the rebuilding of the ] destruction prompted a new wave of migrants from the rest of the Soviet Union to settle in the Southern and Eastern Ukraine, thus increasing the proportion of the Russian speaking population. Near the end of WWII, the entire indigenous population of ] was expelled from their homeland in ], as some of Tatars were accused of collaboration with the Germans. Almost quarter of a million people were exiled to the ] areas.<ref></ref><ref></ref> After the ], another influx of mostly Russian settlers replaced the removed Tatars and thus increased the proportion of ethnic Russian population in the Crimea from 47.7% in 1937 to 61.6% in 1993.<ref></ref> | ||
| In ], ], in a controversial |
In ], ], in a controversial move, transferred the almost exclusively Russian populated ] from the ] to Ukraine, increasing the ethnic Russian population of Ukraine by almost a million people. Controversies and legality of the transfer still remain a sore point in relations between Ukraine and Russia. The Russian Federation, however, in the treaty of 1997 recognized the borders of independent Ukraine, thereby officially rescinding any claims to Crimea. | ||
| ===Modern Ukraine=== | ===Modern Ukraine=== | ||
| During the collapse of the ], ] became a separate state. As an independent country, ] |
During the collapse of the ], ] became a separate state. As an independent country, ] remained within the borders of the ex-UkSSR, with some regions having a large ] population. | ||
| ==Politics== | ==Politics== | ||
Revision as of 17:11, 21 May 2007
Russians in Ukraine (Template:Lang-uk) (Template:Lang-ru) form the largest minority in that country, and the community forms the largest single Russian diaspora in the world. In the 2001 Ukrainian census, 8,334,100 identified themselves as ethnic Russians (17.3% of the total population), thereby making up the largest diaspora of the ethnic Russian population.
Geography
Most Russians live in the East and South of Ukraine, as well as in many cities in the center of the country. Crimea, Donbass and Taurida are considered to be home of the largest Russian diaspora.
Historic Background
Growth of Ukrainian identity
Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians, Eastern Slavic peoples, shared a common ancestry until the demise of the Kievan Rus in the 13th century. Physically separated by different powers after the Mongol invasion, different identities began to develop as a result. Although the term Ruthenian continued to be used to refer to all three branches of Eastern Slavic peoples by the end of the 19th century, with the rise of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Liberation wars of 1648, in Ukraine a separate identity was formed. After their alliance with Tsardom of Russia after the Treaty of Pereyaslav and eventual incorporation of Left-Bank Ukraine into the Russian Empire, attempts were made to incorporate Ukrainians into the Russian nation. Muscovite Russia used the term Little Russia to refer to the Cossack Hetmanate of Left-bank Ukraine, when it fell under Russian protection. While there were successes in the assimilation drive, by and large the Ukrainian separate identity survived, transforming from Ruthenian into Ukrainian.
Other Ruthenian provinces that remained outside the Russian Empire, included Austrian Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovyna had a surge of Russophilia which lasted from late 18th century until the end of the 19th century. However, in the late 19th and 20th centuries the Ukrainian national sentiment grew in all territories populated by Ukrainians. With the creation of first Ukrainian People's Republic and then the Ukrainian SSR, Ukrainians achieved their statehood, albeit limited, and became the dominant ethnic group in their country.
New Russia
At the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire captured large territories from the former Crimean Khanate. In order to keep them, a systematic colonization of land that became known as New Russia (mainly Crimea, Taurida and around Odessa) began. Migrants from many ethnic groups came to this area, a large portion came from Russia proper. At the same time the discovery of coal in the Donets Basin also began a large industrialization and an influx of workers from other parts of the Russian Empire.
Both Ukrainians and Russians made the bulk of the migrants — 42.0 % and 31.8% respectively. The population eventually became intermixed, and in the policy of Russification, the Russian identity dominated over mixed families and communities. Ukrainian separatism was suppressed as the Russian Empire officially regarded Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians as Little, Great and White Russians, which, according to the Russian authorities belonged to a single Russian nation. These ethnic groups were considered members of the same nationality and as such, there were no restrictions placed on them, unlike on other ethnicities or nationalities, such as Jews and Poles
October Revolution and Ukrainian SSR
The first census of the Russian Empire, conducted in 1897 showed predominance of Ukrainian language speakers in the nine south-western Governorates and the Kuban Oblast. When Central Rada officials were determining the borders of the new Ukrainian state they took the results of the census in regards to the language and religion as determining factors in drawing the borders of the new Ukrainian state. As a result, the ethnographic borders of new Ukrainian state turned out to be almost twice as large as the Cossack Hetmanate incorporated into Russia in the 17th century .
October Revolution and Ukrainian SSR
Ukraine was a battleground during the Russian Civil War (1918-1922). Although macroscopically Ukraine was fought over by several powers (Austro-Hungary, Germany, Poland); Ukrainian People's Republic, the Anarchist Black Army as well as the Red Army and the White Army. The population of New Russia by large, allied themselves only with the latter two. A large portion of men that made up the armies of Denikin and Wrangel came from New Russian volunteers (see Volunteer Army). The October Revolution also found its echo amongst the extensive working class and several Soviet Republics were formed by Bolsheviks of Ukraine: Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida, Don Soviet Republic, Odessa Soviet Republic, Donetsk-Krivoy Rog. Of them all the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic last the longest — four months. These short-lived republics barely exercised any sovereignty over the claimed area and were never recognized by fellow Bolsheviks in Russia .
Initially the Bolshevik government treated the Ukrainian People's Republic separately from the Southern and Eastern regions of the country and formed the Ukrainian Soviet People's Republic (USPR) shortly after the Revolution, claiming areas that excluded the Southern and Eastern regions . However because gaining Ukraine was crucial for the Soviet government, and to do so required support of the Ukrainian people. The issues of borders of the future Ukraine was a major one that the Bolsheviks contested with the new national states in the battle for the support of ordinary Ukrainians.
The national republics claimed their borders based on the 1897 census, which would include New Russia, Donbass and other neighbouring provinces. Although de facto few of these states were able to exercise sovereignty in those areas, to appease the Ukrainian bolsheviks, the Soviet government never recognized the short-lived republics in south as permanent, and in March of 1919 after the successful re-conquest created the Ukrainian SSR by combining the territories of all previous small Soviet republics. This led to many regions with Russian population being incorporated into Ukraine.
Early Soviet times
After the Red Army victory in 1923, Stalin identified two threats to the still weak Soviet state: Great Power Chauvinism (Russian chauvinism) and separatist nationalism. .
In Ukraine's case, both threats came, respectfully, from the south and the east, and the traditional Ukrainian dominated centre and west. This initiated a policy of Ukrainization, to simultaneously break the remnants of the Russian nationalist sentiment and to gain favour of the Ukrainian population, thus recognizing their rights and their dominance of the republic.
Many communities of the Russian Orthodox Church were closed and transferred to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church . During the policy of Ukrainization, the Ukrainian language became mandatory for most jobs, and its teaching became compulsory in every school. By 1930 there were only three Russian language newspapers being printed in Ukraine and in places like Odessa where ethnic Ukrainian pupils made up only a third of school children, all schools taught in Ukrainian.
In 1933, a man-made famine resulted from Stalin's policy of collectivization. In Ukraine, this event became known as the Holodomor. From the famine, several million people died in Ukrainian SSR alone. At this time, the Soviet state reversed many of its Ukrainization policies, forced the Ukrainian SSR to cede some territories to the RSFSR (notably the Shakhty and Taganrog borderland), destroyed the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and emphasized the learning of Russian as the official language as top priority in schools.
Latter Soviet Times
Both the famine, the rapid industrialization, and the rebuilding of the World War II destruction prompted a new wave of migrants from the rest of the Soviet Union to settle in the Southern and Eastern Ukraine, thus increasing the proportion of the Russian speaking population. Near the end of WWII, the entire indigenous population of Crimean Tatars was expelled from their homeland in Crimea, as some of Tatars were accused of collaboration with the Germans. Almost quarter of a million people were exiled to the Central Asia areas. After the ethnic cleansing, another influx of mostly Russian settlers replaced the removed Tatars and thus increased the proportion of ethnic Russian population in the Crimea from 47.7% in 1937 to 61.6% in 1993.
In 1954, Nikita Khrushchev, in a controversial move, transferred the almost exclusively Russian populated Crimea from the Russian SFSR to Ukraine, increasing the ethnic Russian population of Ukraine by almost a million people. Controversies and legality of the transfer still remain a sore point in relations between Ukraine and Russia. The Russian Federation, however, in the treaty of 1997 recognized the borders of independent Ukraine, thereby officially rescinding any claims to Crimea.
Modern Ukraine
During the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine became a separate state. As an independent country, Ukraine remained within the borders of the ex-UkSSR, with some regions having a large Russian population.
Politics
In several of Ukraine's elections, political parties that call for closer ties with Russia received higher percentage of votes in the areas, where ethic Russians and Russian-speaking population predominate. However, according to the census, of all the regions, only in Crimea do Russians make up more than 50% of the total population. Such parties like the Party of Regions, Communist Party of Ukraine and the Progressive Socialist Party are particularly popular in Crimea, Southern and Southeastern regions of Ukraine.
Culture
- See article: Russian language in Ukraine
Footnotes and citations
- "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population". 2001 Ukrainian Census.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - Новороссия земля руссоукраинцев Игорь Гуров
- 1897 Census on Demoscope.ru Retrieved on 20th May 2007.
- Den - Imperia i my, by Stanislav Kulchitsky, Vol. 9, 26 Jan. 2006. Retrieved on 19 March 2007.
- Odesskaya Olbast, World History Project Retrieved on May 19 2007.
- Dzerkalo Tyzhnya - Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic — illusions and practic of national nihilism, by Valeriy Soldatenko, 10 Dec. 2004. Retrieved on 19 March 2007.
- Ukrainian (Soviet) People's Republic World History Project Retrieved on 19 May 2007
- "National Factors in Party and State Affairs -- Theses for the Twelfth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Approved by the Central Committee of the Party," URL
- For more information, see Ukrainization in the UkSSR (1923-1931)
- Pravoslavie.ru History of the Lubensky schism by Vladislav Petrushko, 19 June 2002. Retrieved on 20 May 2007
- The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror
- Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949
- Demographic Balance and Migration Processes in Crimea