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'''Energy blackmail''' is, as defined by the ] (DIIS), a strategic manipulation of ] resources for political or economic gain. It involves primarily ] and ], but also potentially other fuels such as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diis.dk/en/research/energy-as-a-weapon-decoding-blackmail-tactics-in-europe|title=Energy as a weapon - decoding blackmail tactics in Europe|first1=Veronika|last1=Slakaityte|first2=Izabela|last2=Surwillo|publisher=]|date=9 January 2024}}</ref> Energy blackmail has been used by countries to leverage their energy resources for decades, but the term was popularised after the ] in 2022 to refer to ] statements and actions in respect to its relationship with other states and with the ] (EU).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0|title=Global Political Economy, Geopolitics and International Security: The World in Permacrisis|editor-first1=Omprakash|editor-last1=Mishra|editor-first2=Souradeep|editor-last2=Sen|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0_10|chapter=Leverage in Energy Security: Weaponising For Good and Bad|first=Cauvery|last=Ganapathy|publisher=]|page=176|year=2024|isbn=978-981-97-2230-3|doi=10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0|quote=Given that there is evidence now to suggest that by March 2021 (Kramer 2021), President Putin had made up his mind regarding the invasion of Ukraine in the coming spring, the decision by the Russians to reduce the supply of gas to Europe, could well account for a case of energy blackmail.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pism.pl/publications/how-the-war-in-ukraine-impacts-nato-policy-in-the-black-sea-region|title=How the War in Ukraine Impacts NATO Policy in the Black Sea Region|first=Filip|last=Bryjka|publisher=]|journal=PISM Bulletin|volume=57|issue=2176|date=12 May 2023|page=1|quote=Through hybrid methods, Russia is destabilising the internal situation in Moldova where it uses energy blackmail, disinformation, and financing of protests to undermine the pro-European Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) government and replace it with the pro-Russian Şor Party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4627566|title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine has cemented the European Union's commitment to carbon pricing|first=Jacob Funk|last=Kirkegaard|publisher=]|series=Policy Brief 23-13|date=30 September 2023|page=1|quote=Despite the energy shock of 2022, the price of EU carbon emissions permits was maintained in the €85 per ton range once Russia's energy blackmail became apparent in late 2021.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://turkishpolicy.com/files/articlepdf/hybrid-war-the-eastern-partnership-waiting-for-a-correlation_en_6878.pdf|title=Hybrid War & the Eastern Partnership: Waiting for a Correlation|first=Hanna|last=Shelest|magazine=]|volume=14|issue=3|date=13 December 2015|page=46|quote=This pressure in the form of trade wars, energy blackmail, discreditable propaganda, diplomatic deceit, and coercion to join alternative regional integration projects has been felt by almost all Eastern Partnership states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/10/contesting-russia-the-baltic-perspective/|title=Contesting Russia: The Baltic Perspective|first=Indra|last=Ekmanis|publisher=]|journal=Baltic Bulletin|series=Eurasia Program|date=28 October 2024|quote=The Baltic states, in turn, have responded by turning areas of risk into areas of expertise: for example, on Energy Security in Lithuania (2012), where previous dependency on Russia left the country vulnerable to energy blackmail;}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/140606-Korybko-SouthStream.pdf|title=The Prospects for the South Stream Pipeline after the Ukrainian Crisis|first=Andrew|last=Korybko|journal=Foreign Policy Journal|date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/12793-russia-pressures-armenia-to-join-customs-union.html|title=Russia Pressures Armenia to Join Customs Union|first=Stephen|last=Blank|publisher=]|journal=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst|date=27 August 2013|quote=Moscow's two abiding goals are to integrate the entire post-Soviet space under its domination and as part of that larger multi-dimensional process, ensure that it is the only security manager in the Caucasus. Not only is it now using energy blackmail against Armenia; }}</ref> '''Energy blackmail''' is, as defined by the ] (DIIS), a strategic manipulation of ] resources for political or economic gain. It involves primarily ] and ], but also potentially other fuels such as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diis.dk/en/research/energy-as-a-weapon-decoding-blackmail-tactics-in-europe|title=Energy as a weapon - decoding blackmail tactics in Europe|first1=Veronika|last1=Slakaityte|first2=Izabela|last2=Surwillo|publisher=]|date=9 January 2024}}</ref> Energy blackmail has been used by countries to leverage their energy resources for decades, but the term was popularised after the ] in 2022 to refer to ]n statements and actions in respect to its relationship with other states and with the ] (EU).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0|title=Global Political Economy, Geopolitics and International Security: The World in Permacrisis|editor-first1=Omprakash|editor-last1=Mishra|editor-first2=Souradeep|editor-last2=Sen|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0_10|chapter=Leverage in Energy Security: Weaponising For Good and Bad|first=Cauvery|last=Ganapathy|publisher=]|page=176|year=2024|isbn=978-981-97-2230-3|doi=10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0|quote=Given that there is evidence now to suggest that by March 2021 (Kramer 2021), President Putin had made up his mind regarding the invasion of Ukraine in the coming spring, the decision by the Russians to reduce the supply of gas to Europe, could well account for a case of energy blackmail.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pism.pl/publications/how-the-war-in-ukraine-impacts-nato-policy-in-the-black-sea-region|title=How the War in Ukraine Impacts NATO Policy in the Black Sea Region|first=Filip|last=Bryjka|publisher=]|journal=PISM Bulletin|volume=57|issue=2176|date=12 May 2023|page=1|quote=Through hybrid methods, Russia is destabilising the internal situation in Moldova where it uses energy blackmail, disinformation, and financing of protests to undermine the pro-European Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) government and replace it with the pro-Russian Şor Party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4627566|title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine has cemented the European Union's commitment to carbon pricing|first=Jacob Funk|last=Kirkegaard|publisher=]|series=Policy Brief 23-13|date=30 September 2023|page=1|quote=Despite the energy shock of 2022, the price of EU carbon emissions permits was maintained in the €85 per ton range once Russia's energy blackmail became apparent in late 2021.}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://turkishpolicy.com/files/articlepdf/hybrid-war-the-eastern-partnership-waiting-for-a-correlation_en_6878.pdf|title=Hybrid War & the Eastern Partnership: Waiting for a Correlation|first=Hanna|last=Shelest|magazine=]|volume=14|issue=3|date=13 December 2015|page=46|quote=This pressure in the form of trade wars, energy blackmail, discreditable propaganda, diplomatic deceit, and coercion to join alternative regional integration projects has been felt by almost all Eastern Partnership states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/10/contesting-russia-the-baltic-perspective/|title=Contesting Russia: The Baltic Perspective|first=Indra|last=Ekmanis|publisher=]|journal=Baltic Bulletin|series=Eurasia Program|date=28 October 2024|quote=The Baltic states, in turn, have responded by turning areas of risk into areas of expertise: for example, on Energy Security in Lithuania (2012), where previous dependency on Russia left the country vulnerable to energy blackmail;}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/140606-Korybko-SouthStream.pdf|title=The Prospects for the South Stream Pipeline after the Ukrainian Crisis|first=Andrew|last=Korybko|journal=Foreign Policy Journal|date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/12793-russia-pressures-armenia-to-join-customs-union.html|title=Russia Pressures Armenia to Join Customs Union|first=Stephen|last=Blank|publisher=]|journal=The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst|date=27 August 2013|quote=Moscow's two abiding goals are to integrate the entire post-Soviet space under its domination and as part of that larger multi-dimensional process, ensure that it is the only security manager in the Caucasus. Not only is it now using energy blackmail against Armenia; }}</ref>


== History == == History ==
In 1960 ] was founded in Baghdad by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=24 May 2024 |title=What is OPEC+ and how does it affect oil prices? |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/what-is-opec-how-does-it-affect-oil-prices-2024-05-24/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref> as a cartel to fix the ] on the world market.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-03 |title=Opec: What is it and what is happening to oil prices? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61188579 |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1973 OPEC imposed an embargo on the United States and other countries that supported Israel during the ], including Netherlands, Portugal, and South Africa.<ref name="USstate2ndCrisis">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo |title=OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974 |publisher=], ] |access-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306225604/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, ] was founded in Baghdad by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2024 |title=What is OPEC+ and how does it affect oil prices? |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/what-is-opec-how-does-it-affect-oil-prices-2024-05-24/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref> as a cartel to fix the ] on the world market.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-03 |title=Opec: What is it and what is happening to oil prices? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61188579 |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1973 OPEC imposed an embargo on the United States and other countries that supported Israel during the ], including Netherlands, Portugal, and South Africa.<ref name="USstate2ndCrisis">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo |title=OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974 |publisher=], ] |access-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306225604/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 2017 the United States pressured China and other members of the ] to end oil shipments to ] in an effort to stop them from continuing their ] programme.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |last2=Sang-Hun |first2=Choe |date=2017-09-04 |title=U.S. Urges Fuel Cutoff for North Korea, Saying It’s ‘Begging for War’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/04/world/asia/north-korea-missile-test.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhao |first=Tong |date=2017-12-01 |title=Why an oil embargo won’t stop North Korea |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/01/opinions/china-north-korea-oil-embargo/index.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sorry, an Oil Embargo Won’t Lead to North Korea’s Capitulation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/sorry-an-oil-embargo-wont-lead-to-north-koreas-capitulation/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024 the United States and ] established a task force to block North Korea from acquiring oil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Josh |date=27 March 2024 |title=US, South Korea set up task force to block North Korea oil shipments |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-south-korea-set-up-task-force-block-north-korea-oil-shipments-2024-03-27/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref> In 2017, the United States pressured China and other members of the ] to end oil shipments to ] in an effort to stop them from continuing their ] programme.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |last2=Sang-Hun |first2=Choe |date=2017-09-04 |title=U.S. Urges Fuel Cutoff for North Korea, Saying It’s ‘Begging for War’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/04/world/asia/north-korea-missile-test.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhao |first=Tong |date=2017-12-01 |title=Why an oil embargo won’t stop North Korea |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/01/opinions/china-north-korea-oil-embargo/index.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sorry, an Oil Embargo Won’t Lead to North Korea’s Capitulation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/sorry-an-oil-embargo-wont-lead-to-north-koreas-capitulation/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024 the United States and ] established a task force to block North Korea from acquiring oil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Josh |date=27 March 2024 |title=US, South Korea set up task force to block North Korea oil shipments |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-south-korea-set-up-task-force-block-north-korea-oil-shipments-2024-03-27/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref>


In May 2018 the ] ] said that Russian President ] energy blackmail of Europe had failed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Putin's energy blackmail of Europe has failed, commissioner says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-energy-blackmail-europe-has-failed-commissioner-says-2023-05-18/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230725053613/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-energy-blackmail-europe-has-failed-commissioner-says-2023-05-18/ |archive-date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2023, the ] ] said that Russian President ]'s energy blackmail of Europe had failed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Putin's energy blackmail of Europe has failed, commissioner says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-energy-blackmail-europe-has-failed-commissioner-says-2023-05-18/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230725053613/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-energy-blackmail-europe-has-failed-commissioner-says-2023-05-18/ |archive-date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref>


In December 2024 ], the president of ], accused ], the prime minister of ] of opening "a second front" against Ukraine on Putin's orders, in response to Robert Fico's threats to cut off electricity from Slovakia to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zelenskyy on Slovak PM's blackmail: 'It appears that Putin gave Fico the order' |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/zelenskyy-on-slovak-pm-s-blackmail-it-appears-1735390390.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=RBC-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunder |first=Max |date=28 December 2024 |title=Ukraine's Zelenskiy hits back at Slovak PM Fico as gas transit dispute deepens |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-zelenskiy-hits-back-slovak-pm-fico-gas-transit-dispute-deepens-2024-12-28/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Putin 'appears to have ordered Slovakia's Fico to open second energy front against Ukraine,' Zelensky says |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/putin-appears-ordered-slovakias-fico-162156348.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Robert Fico threatened to cut off energy supplies after Ukraine refused to renew the deal with Russia regarding transport of gas to ] countries through Ukrainian territory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=27 December 2024 |title=Slovakia to consider reciprocal measures if Ukraine stops Russian gas transit, Fico says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slovakia-consider-reciprocal-measures-if-ukraine-stops-russian-gas-transit-fico-2024-12-27/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref> In December 2024, ], the president of ], accused ], the prime minister of ] of opening "a second front" against Ukraine on Putin's orders, in response to Robert Fico's threats to cut off electricity from Slovakia to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zelenskyy on Slovak PM's blackmail: 'It appears that Putin gave Fico the order' |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/zelenskyy-on-slovak-pm-s-blackmail-it-appears-1735390390.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=RBC-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunder |first=Max |date=28 December 2024 |title=Ukraine's Zelenskiy hits back at Slovak PM Fico as gas transit dispute deepens |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-zelenskiy-hits-back-slovak-pm-fico-gas-transit-dispute-deepens-2024-12-28/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Putin 'appears to have ordered Slovakia's Fico to open second energy front against Ukraine,' Zelensky says |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/putin-appears-ordered-slovakias-fico-162156348.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Robert Fico threatened to cut off energy supplies after Ukraine refused to renew the deal with Russia regarding transport of gas to ] countries through Ukrainian territory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2024 |title=Slovakia to consider reciprocal measures if Ukraine stops Russian gas transit, Fico says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/slovakia-consider-reciprocal-measures-if-ukraine-stops-russian-gas-transit-fico-2024-12-27/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref>


In January 2025 the ] government accused Russia of blackmail in regards to oil supplies, arguing that an energy crisis would undermine Moldova's pro-Western policies. Russia denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maynes |first=Charles |date=9 January 2025 |title=Here's what's behind Russia cutting off its last gas line to Europe |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/09/nx-s1-5247514/russia-gas-moldova-transnistria-ukraine-war |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/eu-commission-chief-accuses-russia-of-energy-blackmail/3395695|title=EU Commission chief accuses Russia of energy 'blackmail'|first=Yasin|last=Güngör|newspaper=]|date=16 November 2024}}</ref> In January 2025, the ]n government accused Russia of blackmail in regards to gas supplies to the unrecognized breakaway state of ] in its territory, arguing that Russia sought to provoke ] that would undermine Moldova's pro-Western policies at the time of the ] later that year. Russia denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maynes |first=Charles |date=9 January 2025 |title=Here's what's behind Russia cutting off its last gas line to Europe |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/09/nx-s1-5247514/russia-gas-moldova-transnistria-ukraine-war |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/eu-commission-chief-accuses-russia-of-energy-blackmail/3395695|title=EU Commission chief accuses Russia of energy 'blackmail'|first=Yasin|last=Güngör|newspaper=]|date=16 November 2024}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==

Latest revision as of 02:28, 18 January 2025

Energy blackmail is, as defined by the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), a strategic manipulation of energy resources for political or economic gain. It involves primarily oil and natural gas, but also potentially other fuels such as nuclear fuel. Energy blackmail has been used by countries to leverage their energy resources for decades, but the term was popularised after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 to refer to Russian statements and actions in respect to its relationship with other states and with the European Union (EU).

History

In 1960, OPEC was founded in Baghdad by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, as a cartel to fix the price of oil on the world market. In 1973 OPEC imposed an embargo on the United States and other countries that supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War, including Netherlands, Portugal, and South Africa.

In 2017, the United States pressured China and other members of the United Nations Security Council to end oil shipments to North Korea in an effort to stop them from continuing their ICBM programme. In 2024 the United States and South Korea established a task force to block North Korea from acquiring oil.

In May 2023, the European Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson said that Russian President Vladimir Putin's energy blackmail of Europe had failed.

In December 2024, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the president of Ukraine, accused Robert Fico, the prime minister of Slovakia of opening "a second front" against Ukraine on Putin's orders, in response to Robert Fico's threats to cut off electricity from Slovakia to Ukraine. Robert Fico threatened to cut off energy supplies after Ukraine refused to renew the deal with Russia regarding transport of gas to European Union countries through Ukrainian territory.

In January 2025, the Moldovan government accused Russia of blackmail in regards to gas supplies to the unrecognized breakaway state of Transnistria in its territory, arguing that Russia sought to provoke an energy crisis that would undermine Moldova's pro-Western policies at the time of the 2025 Moldovan parliamentary election later that year. Russia denied the allegations.

See also

References

  1. Slakaityte, Veronika; Surwillo, Izabela (9 January 2024). "Energy as a weapon - decoding blackmail tactics in Europe". Danish Institute for International Studies.
  2. Ganapathy, Cauvery (2024). "Leverage in Energy Security: Weaponising For Good and Bad". In Mishra, Omprakash; Sen, Souradeep (eds.). Global Political Economy, Geopolitics and International Security: The World in Permacrisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 176. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0. ISBN 978-981-97-2230-3. Given that there is evidence now to suggest that by March 2021 (Kramer 2021), President Putin had made up his mind regarding the invasion of Ukraine in the coming spring, the decision by the Russians to reduce the supply of gas to Europe, could well account for a case of energy blackmail.
  3. Bryjka, Filip (12 May 2023). "How the War in Ukraine Impacts NATO Policy in the Black Sea Region". PISM Bulletin. 57 (2176). Polish Institute of International Affairs: 1. Through hybrid methods, Russia is destabilising the internal situation in Moldova where it uses energy blackmail, disinformation, and financing of protests to undermine the pro-European Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) government and replace it with the pro-Russian Şor Party.
  4. Kirkegaard, Jacob Funk (30 September 2023). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine has cemented the European Union's commitment to carbon pricing". Policy Brief 23-13. Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 1. Despite the energy shock of 2022, the price of EU carbon emissions permits was maintained in the €85 per ton range once Russia's energy blackmail became apparent in late 2021.
  5. Shelest, Hanna (13 December 2015). "Hybrid War & the Eastern Partnership: Waiting for a Correlation" (PDF). Turkish Policy Quarterly. Vol. 14, no. 3. p. 46. This pressure in the form of trade wars, energy blackmail, discreditable propaganda, diplomatic deceit, and coercion to join alternative regional integration projects has been felt by almost all Eastern Partnership states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine).
  6. Ekmanis, Indra (28 October 2024). "Contesting Russia: The Baltic Perspective". Baltic Bulletin. Eurasia Program. Foreign Policy Research Institute. The Baltic states, in turn, have responded by turning areas of risk into areas of expertise: for example, on Energy Security in Lithuania (2012), where previous dependency on Russia left the country vulnerable to energy blackmail;
  7. Korybko, Andrew (6 June 2014). "The Prospects for the South Stream Pipeline after the Ukrainian Crisis" (PDF). Foreign Policy Journal.
  8. Blank, Stephen (27 August 2013). "Russia Pressures Armenia to Join Customs Union". The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. Moscow's two abiding goals are to integrate the entire post-Soviet space under its domination and as part of that larger multi-dimensional process, ensure that it is the only security manager in the Caucasus. Not only is it now using energy blackmail against Armenia;
  9. "What is OPEC+ and how does it affect oil prices?". Reuters. 24 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. "Opec: What is it and what is happening to oil prices?". 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  11. "OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
  12. Sanger, David E.; Sang-Hun, Choe (2017-09-04). "U.S. Urges Fuel Cutoff for North Korea, Saying It's 'Begging for War'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  13. Zhao, Tong (2017-12-01). "Why an oil embargo won't stop North Korea". CNN. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  14. "Sorry, an Oil Embargo Won't Lead to North Korea's Capitulation". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  15. Smith, Josh (27 March 2024). "US, South Korea set up task force to block North Korea oil shipments". Reuters. Retrieved 16 January 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. "Putin's energy blackmail of Europe has failed, commissioner says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-07-25. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  17. "Zelenskyy on Slovak PM's blackmail: 'It appears that Putin gave Fico the order'". RBC-Ukraine. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  18. Hunder, Max (28 December 2024). "Ukraine's Zelenskiy hits back at Slovak PM Fico as gas transit dispute deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 16 January 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. "Putin 'appears to have ordered Slovakia's Fico to open second energy front against Ukraine,' Zelensky says". Yahoo News. 2024-12-28. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
  20. "Slovakia to consider reciprocal measures if Ukraine stops Russian gas transit, Fico says". Reuters. 27 December 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. Maynes, Charles (9 January 2025). "Here's what's behind Russia cutting off its last gas line to Europe". NPR. Retrieved 16 January 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. Güngör, Yasin (16 November 2024). "EU Commission chief accuses Russia of energy 'blackmail'". Anadolu Agency.


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