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| {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | ||
| {{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| | name = Muhammad Ali |
| name = Muhammad Ali Jawhar | ||
| | image = Molana-Muhammad-Ali.jpg | | image = File:Molana-Muhammad-Ali.jpg | ||
| | caption = | | caption = Jawhar, before 1931 | ||
| | order = | |||
| ⚫ | | office1 = 41st ] | ||
| | office = 10th ] of ] | |||
| | term_start = 30 December 1917 | |||
| | term_end = 1 January 1918 | |||
| | predecessor = ] | |||
| | successor = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | office1 = 41st ] of ] | ||
| | term_start1 = 1923 | | term_start1 = 1923 | ||
| | term_end1 = 1923 | | term_end1 = 1923 | ||
| | predecessor1 = ] | | predecessor1 = ] | ||
| | successor1 = ] | | successor1 = ] | ||
| | |
| birth_name = | ||
| ⚫ | | birth_date = {{birth date|1878|12|10|df=yes}} | ||
| | background = #e6e8fa | |||
| ⚫ | | birth_place = ], ], ] | ||
| | birth_name = | |||
| | |
| death_date = {{death date and age|1931|1|4|1878|12|10|df=yes}} | ||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], ] | ||
| ⚫ | | birth_place = ], ], ] | ||
| ⚫ | | resting_place = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | parents = Abdul Ali Khan (father)<br />] (mother) | |||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], ] | ||
| ⚫ | | spouse = {{marriage|Amjadi Bano Begum|1902|1931}} | ||
| ⚫ | | resting_place = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | relations = ] (brother)<br>Zulfiqar Ali Khan (brother)<br>Gauhar Ali Khan (brother) | ||
| | religion = ] | |||
| | |
| occupation = ], ], ], poet | ||
| ⚫ | | known_for = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | spouse = {{marriage|Amjadi Bano Begum|1902|1931}} | ||
| | party = ] | |||
| ⚫ | | relations = ] (brother) | ||
| | otherparty = ] | |||
| | occupation = ], ], ], poet | |||
| | blank1 = Religion | |||
| ⚫ | | known_for = ] | ||
| | |
| data1 = ] | ||
| | |
| blank2 = Founder of | ||
| | |
| data2 = ] | ||
| ⚫ | }} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Muhammad Ali |
'''Muhammad Ali Jawhar''' (10 December 1878{{Snd}}4 January 1931) was an Indian politician and activist of the Indian independence movement. He was a co-founder of the ] and ]. | ||
| Born into an anti-colonial family, Jawhar was a member of the ]. He was elected to become the president of the ] party in 1923 and it lasted only for a few months owing to the differences with the organization, especially Gandhi, on the haphazard ending of Non-cooperation movement. In the following years, he ended up being antithetical to it and accused Gandhi and Motilal Nehru of succumbing to the appeasement of Hindus as they regarded Muslims “the minorities” in India and refused to accommodate Muslim demands in the political representation. Being one of the founders, esteemed member and 10th president of the ], he represented the party in the first round-table conference held in London.<ref name="foundation">{{Cite book |last=Pirzada |first=Syed Sharifuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4KAQAAIAAJ&q=foundation+of+pakistan |title=Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=National Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref name="muslimsofindia" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uG0AAAAIAAJ&q=establishment+of+full+independence+in+the+form+of+a+federation+of+free+democratic+states+in+which+interests+of+the+1937+Musalmans+and+other+minorities+are+adequately+effectively+safeguarded+in+the+Constitution |title=Chronology of Pakistan Movement: December 29, 1930-August 14, 1947 |date=1985 |publisher=National Archives of Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ] Muslim freedom ], one of the founders of ], a pre-eminent member of ], ] and a poet, a leading figure of the ] and one of the founders of ].<ref name="storyofpakistan" /><ref>{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en& | |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en& | ||
| |title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial | |title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial | ||
| Line 39: | Line 48: | ||
| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155508/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en& | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155508/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en& | ||
| |url-status=dead | |url-status=dead | ||
| |author=Rahmat Farrukhabadi}}</ref><ref name="Jafri">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTEFAQAAQBAJ|title=Biography of Muhammad Ali Jauhar: seerat E Maulana M Ali Jauhar|last=Jafri|first=Raees Ahmed|publisher=Urdu Movies|language=ar}}</ref> | |author=Rahmat Farrukhabadi}}</ref><ref name="Jafri">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTEFAQAAQBAJ|title=Biography of Muhammad Ali Jauhar: seerat E Maulana M Ali Jauhar|last=Jafri|first=Raees Ahmed|publisher=Urdu Movies|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-movement-consequences-objectives-1444624799-1|title=Syed Ahmad Khan, Aligarh Movement: Consequences & Objectives|date=2015-10-12|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> | ||
| Jauhar was a member of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-movement-consequences-objectives-1444624799-1|title=Syed Ahmad Khan, Aligarh Movement: Consequences & Objectives|date=2015-10-12|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> He was elected to become the President of ] party in 1923 and it lasted only for a few months. He was also one of the founders and 14th president of the ].<ref name="muslimsofindia" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uG0AAAAIAAJ&q=establishment+of+full+independence+in+the+form+of+a+federation+of+free+democratic+states+in+which+interests+of+the+1937+Musalmans+and+other+minorities+are+adequately+effectively+safeguarded+in+the+Constitution|title=Chronology of Pakistan Movement: December 29, 1930-August 14, 1947|date=1985|publisher=National Archives of Pakistan|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ==Early life and career== | ==Early life and career== | ||
| Muhammad Ali was born in 1878 at ] in ], ].<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=cybercity/><ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|page=234|location=]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref> He was born to a wealthy family with roots in the city of ]. His father, ''Abdul Ali Khan'', died when he was five years old.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lelyveld |first=David |date=1975 |publisher=University of Cambridge|title=Three Aligarh Students: Aftab Ahmad Khan, Ziauddin Ahmad and Muhammad Ali |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311961 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=227–240 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref><ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1154854 |title=Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar- a man who chose the pen above the sword |publisher=Dawn (newspaper) |date=4 January 2015 |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> His brothers were ], who became a leader of the ], and Zulfiqar Ali. His mother ] (1852 – 1924), affectionately known as 'Bi Amman', inspired her sons to take up the mantle of the struggle for freedom from the British colonial rule. To this end, she was adamant that her sons were properly educated. Due to the efforts, determination and sacrifice of their mother, he and his brothers were able to get a good quality education.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=storyofpakistan/> | |||
| Despite the early death of his father, |
Despite the early death of his father, Jawhar attended ] and the ], eventually moving to ] in 1898, attending the ], studying modern history.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name="Jafri" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammad Ali Jauhar - Profile & Biography|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/mohammad-ali-jauhar/profile|access-date=2023-09-06|website=Rekhta.org website|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the ] civil service.<ref name=storyofpakistan/> He became a writer and an orator of the first magnitude and a farsighted political leader, writing articles in major British and Indian newspapers like '']'', London, '']'' and '']''.<ref name=storyofpakistan>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar|title=Mohammad Ali Jauhar profile|website=Storyofpakistan.com website|archive-date=30 October 2018|access-date=5 September 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030191816/http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar}}</ref> He launched the ] weekly '']'' in 1911 in ]. It quickly gained circulation and influence internationally. He moved to ] in 1912 and there he launched an ]-language daily newspaper ''Hamdard'' in 1913.<ref name=muslimsofindia/> He married Amjadi Bano Begum (c. 1886–1947) in 1902. Amjadi Begum was actively involved in the national and Khilafat movement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masooma|first1=Syed|title=Amjadi Begum|url=http://www.dostpakistan.pk/amjadi-begum/|publisher=dostpakistan.pk|access-date= |
Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the ] civil service.<ref name=storyofpakistan/> He became a writer and an orator of the first magnitude and a farsighted political leader, writing articles in major British and Indian newspapers like '']'', London, '']'' and '']''.<ref name=storyofpakistan>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar|title=Mohammad Ali Jauhar profile|website=Storyofpakistan.com website|archive-date=30 October 2018|access-date=5 September 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030191816/http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar}}</ref> He launched the ] weekly '']'' in 1911 in ]. It quickly gained circulation and influence internationally. He moved to ] in 1912 and there he launched an ]-language daily newspaper ''Hamdard'' in 1913.<ref name=muslimsofindia/> He married ] (c. 1886–1947) in 1902. Amjadi Begum was actively involved in the national and Khilafat movement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masooma|first1=Syed|title=Amjadi Begum|url=http://www.dostpakistan.pk/amjadi-begum/|publisher=dostpakistan.pk|access-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628050858/http://www.dostpakistan.pk/amjadi-begum/|archive-date=28 June 2013|date=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Begum Mohammed Ali Passes Away|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3odhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3270%2C6413483|website=The Indian Express|access-date=8 September 2023|page=5|date=29 March 1947}}</ref> | ||
| Jawhar worked hard to expand the Aligarh Muslim University, then known as the ], and was one of the co-founders of the ] in 1920, which was later moved to Delhi.<ref name=storyofpakistan/> | |||
| ==Khilafat movement in India== | ==Khilafat movement in India== | ||
| ] portrait by Auguste Léon, 1920]] | |||
| Jawhar had attended the founding meeting of the ] in ] in 1906, and served as its president in 1918.<ref name="storyofpakistan" /> He remained active in the League till 1928. Jawhar "had the unique distinction of having directed the affairs of the three most important political parties/movements in the country — The ], the ] and the ]."<ref name="cybercity">{{cite web|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_mohamed_ali_jauhar.html|url-status=dead|title=Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar - profile and commemorative postage stamp|website=Cybercity-online.net website|archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729042456/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_mohamed_ali_jauhar.html|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> | |||
| He represented the ] delegation that travelled to ] in 1919 to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist ] not to depose the ], who was the ] and the presumed leader of all the ] of that time.<ref name=MAJ>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.436019|title=Kalam Johar|last=Muhammad Ali Johar|date=1938}}</ref> British government's rejection of their demands resulted in the formation of the ] committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the British government.<ref name=MAJ/> | He represented the ] delegation that travelled to ] in 1919 to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist ] not to depose the ], who was the ] and the presumed leader of all the ] of that time.<ref name=MAJ>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.436019|title=Kalam Johar|last=Muhammad Ali Johar|date=1938}}</ref> British government's rejection of their demands resulted in the formation of the ] committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the British government.<ref name=MAJ/> | ||
| In 1921, |
In 1921, Jawhar formed a broad coalition with the nationalist leaders like ], ], ], ], ] as well as ], who then enlisted the support of the ] and many thousands of Hindus, who joined the Muslims in a demonstration of unity against the British government. Jawhar also wholeheartedly supported Gandhi's call for a national civil resistance movement and inspired many hundreds of protests and strikes all over India. He was arrested by British authorities and imprisoned for two years for what was termed as a seditious speech at the meeting of the Khilafat Conference.<ref name="Jafri"/><ref name=storyofpakistan/> | ||
| ==Alienation from Congress== | ==Alienation from Congress== | ||
| Jauhar was disillusioned by the end of Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of ] in 1922, owing to the ]. This incident, on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement clashed with police, who opened fire and killed three protesters. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. The ] suspended the non-cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident.<ref>Shefalee Vasudev (20 October 2003) |
Jauhar was disillusioned by the end of Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of ] in 1922, owing to the ]. This incident, on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement clashed with police, who opened fire and killed three protesters. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. The ] suspended the non-cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident.<ref>Shefalee Vasudev (20 October 2003) India Today newspaper. Retrieved on 2023-09-08</ref> | ||
| He restarted his daily ''Hamdard'' and left the Congress Party. He opposed the ], which was a document proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the ], written by a committee of ] and ] members of the Congress Party headed by President ]. It was a major protest against the ] which had arrived in India to propose reforms but having no local Indian member nor making any effort to listen to the Indians' voices and aspirations. Mohammad Ali was put in jail.<ref name=MAJ/> So All Parties Conference on Nehru report was represented by Shaukat Ali, Begum Mohammad Ali and 30 other members of the Central Khilafat Committee which included ], Azad Subhani, ], ] and others. Mohammad Ali opposed the part of the Nehru Report's ' |
He restarted his daily ''Hamdard'' and left the Congress Party. He opposed the ], which was a document proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the ], written by a committee of ] and ] members of the Congress Party headed by President ]. It was a major protest against the ] which had arrived in India to propose reforms but having no local Indian member nor making any effort to listen to the Indians' voices and aspirations. Mohammad Ali was put in jail.<ref name=MAJ/> So All Parties Conference on Nehru report was represented by Shaukat Ali, Begum Mohammad Ali and 30 other members of the Central Khilafat Committee which included ], Azad Subhani, ], ] and others. Mohammad Ali opposed the part of the Nehru Report's 'acception' of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported the ''Fourteen Points'' of ] and the Muslim League.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wasti|first=Syed Tanvir|date=2002|title=The Circles of Maulana Mohamed Ali|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=38|issue=4|pages=51–62|issn=0026-3206|jstor=4284258|doi=10.1080/714004494|s2cid=145545924}}</ref> He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking with fellow Muslim leaders like Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, who continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.<ref name=MAJ/> | ||
| ==Imprisonment in Karachi== | ==Imprisonment in Karachi== | ||
| Line 73: | Line 81: | ||
| {{Main|List of institutions and places named after Mohammad Ali Jauhar}} | {{Main|List of institutions and places named after Mohammad Ali Jauhar}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| He died of a stroke in ] on 4 January 1931 and was buried in ] by the choice of his relatives, friends and admirers.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=cybercity/> The inscription on his grave in the ],<ref name="official_al-Aqsa_guide_AR">{{cite web |quote= المدرسة الخاتونية (مدفن مجموعة من الأعلام، منهم آل الحسيني) وفيها قبر موقفتها أغل خاتون إلى جانب قبور كل من الأمير محمد علي الهندي وهو أمير هندي ناضل في سبيل القضية الفلسطينية |title= دليل |publisher=The Hashemite Fund, ]; Dept. of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs & ], Jerusalem |year= 2020 |url=https://haramalaqsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/aqsa-jordan-final.pdf |language=ar}} . ]</ref> which is near the ], says: "Here lies al-Sayyid Muhammad Ali al-Hindi."<ref name=muslimsofindia>{{cite web|url=http://muslims-india.info/index.php/History/Know-our-heros-Maulana-Muhammad-Ali-Jauhar.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008201806/http://muslims-india.info/index.php/History/Know-our-heros-Maulana-Muhammad-Ali-Jauhar.html|title= Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar|website=Muslims of India website|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> | He died of a stroke in ] on 4 January 1931 and was buried in ] by the choice of his relatives, friends and admirers.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=cybercity/> The inscription on his grave in the ],<ref name="official_al-Aqsa_guide_AR">{{cite web |quote= المدرسة الخاتونية (مدفن مجموعة من الأعلام، منهم آل الحسيني) وفيها قبر موقفتها أغل خاتون إلى جانب قبور كل من الأمير محمد علي الهندي وهو أمير هندي ناضل في سبيل القضية الفلسطينية |title= دليل |publisher= The Hashemite Fund, ]; Dept. of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs & ], Jerusalem |year= 2020 |url= https://haramalaqsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/aqsa-jordan-final.pdf |language= ar }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723173012/https://almasjedalaqsa.com/index.php/news/View?id=85 |date=23 July 2022 }}. ]</ref> which is near the ], says: "Here lies al-Sayyid Muhammad Ali al-Hindi."<ref name=muslimsofindia>{{cite web|url=http://muslims-india.info/index.php/History/Know-our-heros-Maulana-Muhammad-Ali-Jauhar.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008201806/http://muslims-india.info/index.php/History/Know-our-heros-Maulana-Muhammad-Ali-Jauhar.html|title= Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar|website=Muslims of India website|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> | ||
| ==Commemorative postage stamp== | ==Commemorative postage stamp== | ||
| ] issued a commemorative postage stamp for |
] issued a commemorative postage stamp for Muhammad Ali Jawhar in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series on his birth anniversary in 1978.<ref name=cybercity/> A number of educational intuitions like ] in ], India, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jawhar Academy of International Studies in Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi, India, ] in Bangladesh and places including ], ], ] in Pakistan are named after Jawhar . | ||
| == In popular culture == | |||
| ''Maulana Mohammad Ali |
''Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar'' is a 1984 ] directed by Saiyed Ahmad and produced by the ]'s ], it covers his political career and life as an ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAULANA MOHAMMAD ALI 'JAUHAR' |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/maulana-mohammad-ali-jauhar|access-date=2023-09-08|website=filmsdivision.org, Government of India website}}</ref> | ||
| ==Speeches== | ==Speeches== | ||
| "I had long been convinced that here in this Country of hundreds of millions of human beings, intensely attached to religion, and yet infinitely split up into communities, sects and denominations, Providence had created for us the mission of solving a unique problem and working out a new synthesis, which was nothing low than a Federation of Faiths … For more than twenty years I have dreamed the dream of a federation, grander, nobler and infinitely more spiritual than the United States of America, and today when many a political Cassandra prophesies a return to the bad old days of Hindu-Muslim dissensions I still dream that old dream of 'United Faiths of India.'" —Mohammad Ali Jauhar; from the Presidential Address, I.N.C. Session, 1923, Cocanada (now Kakinada).<ref>{{Cite |
"I had long been convinced that here in this Country of hundreds of millions of human beings, intensely attached to religion, and yet infinitely split up into communities, sects and denominations, Providence had created for us the mission of solving a unique problem and working out a new synthesis, which was nothing low than a Federation of Faiths … For more than twenty years I have dreamed the dream of a federation, grander, nobler and infinitely more spiritual than the United States of America, and today when many a political Cassandra prophesies a return to the bad old days of Hindu-Muslim dissensions I still dream that old dream of 'United Faiths of India.'" —Mohammad Ali Jauhar; from the Presidential Address, I.N.C. Session, 1923, Cocanada (now Kakinada).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yumitro|first=Gonda|title=The Roles of Muhammad Ali Jauhar in Indian Politics and Khilafat Movement|url=https://www.academia.edu/13037086|language=en|website=Academia.com website}}</ref> | ||
| However later, he started |
However later, he started supporting the concept of Pakistan and the ].<ref name=storyofpakistan/> | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 119: | Line 128: | ||
| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040916231646/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/history/fighters/alibrothers.asp | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040916231646/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/history/fighters/alibrothers.asp | ||
| |archive-date=16 September 2004 | |archive-date=16 September 2004 | ||
| ⚫ | }} | ||
| }}, Retrieved 4 January 2017 | |||
| * {{cite web | * {{cite web | ||
| |title=Presidents of Indian national Congress | |title=Presidents of Indian national Congress (Mohammad Ali Jauhar listed as President in 1923) | ||
| |website=Kamat.com website | |||
| |work=Mohammad Ali Jauhar listed as President in 1923, Retrieved 4 January 2017 | |||
| |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/congress/presidents.htm | |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/congress/presidents.htm | ||
| }} | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:59, 17 January 2025
Indian Muslim activist (1878–1931)
| Muhammad Ali Jawhar | |
|---|---|
 Jawhar, before 1931 | |
| 10th President of All-India Muslim League | |
| In office 30 December 1917 – 1 January 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Ali Jinnah |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan |
| 41st President of Indian National Congress | |
| In office 1923–1923 | |
| Preceded by | Chittaranjan Das |
| Succeeded by | Abul Kalam Azad |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1878-12-10)10 December 1878 Rampur, Rampur State, British India |
| Died | 4 January 1931(1931-01-04) (aged 52) London, England |
| Resting place | Jerusalem |
| Political party | All India Muslim League |
| Other political affiliations | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse |
Amjadi Bano Begum
(m. 1902–1931) |
| Relations | Shaukat Ali (brother) Zulfiqar Ali Khan (brother) Gauhar Ali Khan (brother) |
| Parent(s) | Abdul Ali Khan (father) Abadi Bano Begum (mother) |
| Occupation | Journalist, scholar, political activist, poet |
| Known for | Khilafat movement |
| Religion | Islam |
| Founder of | Jamia Millia Islamia |
Muhammad Ali Jawhar (10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931) was an Indian politician and activist of the Indian independence movement. He was a co-founder of the All-India Muslim League and Jamia Millia Islamia.
Born into an anti-colonial family, Jawhar was a member of the Aligarh movement. He was elected to become the president of the Indian National Congress party in 1923 and it lasted only for a few months owing to the differences with the organization, especially Gandhi, on the haphazard ending of Non-cooperation movement. In the following years, he ended up being antithetical to it and accused Gandhi and Motilal Nehru of succumbing to the appeasement of Hindus as they regarded Muslims “the minorities” in India and refused to accommodate Muslim demands in the political representation. Being one of the founders, esteemed member and 10th president of the All-India Muslim League, he represented the party in the first round-table conference held in London.
Indian Muslim freedom activist, one of the founders of All-India Muslim League, a pre-eminent member of Indian National Congress, journalist and a poet, a leading figure of the Khilafat Movement and one of the founders of Jamia Millia Islamia.
Early life and career
Muhammad Ali was born in 1878 at Rampur in North-Western Provinces, British India. He was born to a wealthy family with roots in the city of Najibabad. His father, Abdul Ali Khan, died when he was five years old. His brothers were Shaukat Ali, who became a leader of the Khilafat Movement, and Zulfiqar Ali. His mother Abadi Begum (1852 – 1924), affectionately known as 'Bi Amman', inspired her sons to take up the mantle of the struggle for freedom from the British colonial rule. To this end, she was adamant that her sons were properly educated. Due to the efforts, determination and sacrifice of their mother, he and his brothers were able to get a good quality education.
Despite the early death of his father, Jawhar attended Aligarh Muslim University and the Allahabad University, eventually moving to England in 1898, attending the Lincoln College, Oxford, studying modern history.
Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the Baroda civil service. He became a writer and an orator of the first magnitude and a farsighted political leader, writing articles in major British and Indian newspapers like The Times, London, The Manchester Guardian and The Observer. He launched the English weekly The Comrade in 1911 in Calcutta. It quickly gained circulation and influence internationally. He moved to Delhi in 1912 and there he launched an Urdu-language daily newspaper Hamdard in 1913. He married Amjadi Bano Begum (c. 1886–1947) in 1902. Amjadi Begum was actively involved in the national and Khilafat movement.
Jawhar worked hard to expand the Aligarh Muslim University, then known as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, and was one of the co-founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920, which was later moved to Delhi.
Khilafat movement in India
Jawhar had attended the founding meeting of the All India Muslim League in Dacca in 1906, and served as its president in 1918. He remained active in the League till 1928. Jawhar "had the unique distinction of having directed the affairs of the three most important political parties/movements in the country — The Indian National Congress, the All India Muslim League and the Khilafat movement."
He represented the Muslim League delegation that travelled to England in 1919 to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist Mustafa Kemal not to depose the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph of Islam and the presumed leader of all the Islamic nations of that time. British government's rejection of their demands resulted in the formation of the Khilafat committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the British government.
In 1921, Jawhar formed a broad coalition with the nationalist leaders like Shaukat Ali, Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari as well as Mahatma Gandhi, who then enlisted the support of the Indian National Congress and many thousands of Hindus, who joined the Muslims in a demonstration of unity against the British government. Jawhar also wholeheartedly supported Gandhi's call for a national civil resistance movement and inspired many hundreds of protests and strikes all over India. He was arrested by British authorities and imprisoned for two years for what was termed as a seditious speech at the meeting of the Khilafat Conference.
Alienation from Congress
Jauhar was disillusioned by the end of Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of non-cooperation movement in 1922, owing to the Chauri Chaura incident. This incident, on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement clashed with police, who opened fire and killed three protesters. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. The Indian National Congress suspended the non-cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident.
He restarted his daily Hamdard and left the Congress Party. He opposed the Nehru Report, which was a document proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the British Empire, written by a committee of Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress Party headed by President Motilal Nehru. It was a major protest against the Simon Commission which had arrived in India to propose reforms but having no local Indian member nor making any effort to listen to the Indians' voices and aspirations. Mohammad Ali was put in jail. So All Parties Conference on Nehru report was represented by Shaukat Ali, Begum Mohammad Ali and 30 other members of the Central Khilafat Committee which included Abdul Majid Daryabadi, Azad Subhani, Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad and others. Mohammad Ali opposed the part of the Nehru Report's 'acception' of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported the Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League. He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking with fellow Muslim leaders like Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, who continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
Imprisonment in Karachi
In 1921, the British government established a court in Khaliqdina Hall in Karachi and punished him with two-and-a-half years' imprisonment in Karachi central jail. Besides this jail sentence, he had served many and frequent jail sentences due to his anti-government activities. However, he kept fighting for the Muslim League.
1930 Round Table Conference in London
Ultimately Mohammad Ali's frequent jail sentences, his diabetes and lack of proper nutrition while jailed, made him very sick. Despite his failing health, he wanted to attend the first Round Table Conference held in London in 1930. Ali attended the 'Conference' in London (the chairman being Sir Agha Khan of the Muslim delegation) to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's Muslims. Reportedly his words to the British government were that he would not return to India alive unless the country was set free, "I would prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it is a free country, and if you do not give us freedom in India, you will have to give me a grave here."
Death and legacy
Main article: List of institutions and places named after Mohammad Ali Jauhar
He died of a stroke in London on 4 January 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem by the choice of his relatives, friends and admirers. The inscription on his grave in the Khātūniyya Madrasa, which is near the Dome of the Rock, says: "Here lies al-Sayyid Muhammad Ali al-Hindi."
Commemorative postage stamp
Pakistan Postal Services issued a commemorative postage stamp for Muhammad Ali Jawhar in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series on his birth anniversary in 1978. A number of educational intuitions like Mohammad Ali Jauhar University in Rampur, India, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jawhar Academy of International Studies in Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi, India, Maulana Mohammad Ali College in Bangladesh and places including Johar Town, Jauharabad, Gulistan-e-Jauhar in Pakistan are named after Jawhar .
In popular culture
Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar is a 1984 documentary film directed by Saiyed Ahmad and produced by the Government of India's Films Division, it covers his political career and life as an Indian freedom fighter.
Speeches
"I had long been convinced that here in this Country of hundreds of millions of human beings, intensely attached to religion, and yet infinitely split up into communities, sects and denominations, Providence had created for us the mission of solving a unique problem and working out a new synthesis, which was nothing low than a Federation of Faiths … For more than twenty years I have dreamed the dream of a federation, grander, nobler and infinitely more spiritual than the United States of America, and today when many a political Cassandra prophesies a return to the bad old days of Hindu-Muslim dissensions I still dream that old dream of 'United Faiths of India.'" —Mohammad Ali Jauhar; from the Presidential Address, I.N.C. Session, 1923, Cocanada (now Kakinada).
However later, he started supporting the concept of Pakistan and the Pakistan Movement.
References
- Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin (1970). Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947. National Publishing House.
- ^ "Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar". Muslims of India website. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- Chronology of Pakistan Movement: December 29, 1930-August 14, 1947. National Archives of Pakistan. 1985.
- ^ "Mohammad Ali Jauhar profile". Storyofpakistan.com website. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- Rahmat Farrukhabadi. "Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Jafri, Raees Ahmed. Biography of Muhammad Ali Jauhar: seerat E Maulana M Ali Jauhar (in Arabic). Urdu Movies.
- "Syed Ahmad Khan, Aligarh Movement: Consequences & Objectives". Jagranjosh.com. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar - profile and commemorative postage stamp". Cybercity-online.net website. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- Asir Adrawi. Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta (in Urdu) (2 April 2016 ed.). Deoband: Darul Muallifeen. p. 234.
- Lelyveld, David (1975). "Three Aligarh Students: Aftab Ahmad Khan, Ziauddin Ahmad and Muhammad Ali". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (2). University of Cambridge: 227–240. ISSN 0026-749X.
- ^ "Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar- a man who chose the pen above the sword". Dawn (newspaper). 4 January 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- "Mohammad Ali Jauhar - Profile & Biography". Rekhta.org website. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- Masooma, Syed (3 June 2013). "Amjadi Begum". dostpakistan.pk. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- "Begum Mohammed Ali Passes Away". The Indian Express. 29 March 1947. p. 5. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ Muhammad Ali Johar (1938). Kalam Johar.
- Shefalee Vasudev (20 October 2003) Chauri Chaura village that became metaphor for Gandhism gets entangled in criminal violence India Today newspaper. Retrieved on 2023-09-08
- Wasti, Syed Tanvir (2002). "The Circles of Maulana Mohamed Ali". Middle Eastern Studies. 38 (4): 51–62. doi:10.1080/714004494. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284258. S2CID 145545924.
- "Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- "دليل" (PDF) (in Arabic). The Hashemite Fund, Amman; Dept. of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs & PASSIA, Jerusalem. 2020.
المدرسة الخاتونية (مدفن مجموعة من الأعلام، منهم آل الحسيني) وفيها قبر موقفتها أغل خاتون إلى جانب قبور كل من الأمير محمد علي الهندي وهو أمير هندي ناضل في سبيل القضية الفلسطينية
- "MAULANA MOHAMMAD ALI 'JAUHAR'". filmsdivision.org, Government of India website. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- Yumitro, Gonda. "The Roles of Muhammad Ali Jauhar in Indian Politics and Khilafat Movement". Academia.com website.
External links
- Biographical pages
- Rehmat Farrukhabadi (2005). Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial (محمد علی جوہر ۱ور مقدمہِ بغاوت) in Urdu. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195978940. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- "Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar". Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar on 'Pioneers of Freedom' website. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013.
- "Ali brothers". nazariapak.info website. Archived from the original on 16 September 2004.
- "Presidents of Indian national Congress (Mohammad Ali Jauhar listed as President in 1923)". Kamat.com website.
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- 1878 births
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