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{{Short description|President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015}} | |||
{{Pp-pc}} | |||
{{Use Nigerian English|date=August 2023}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} | |||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| honorific-prefix = ] | |||
|name = Goodluck Ebele Jonathan | |||
| name = Goodluck Jonathan | |||
|image = Goodluck Jonathan World Economic Forum 2013.jpg | |||
| honorific-suffix = ] ] | |||
|caption = Jonathan in January 2013, at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. | |||
| image = Goodluck Jonathan World Economic Forum 2013.jpg | |||
|office = ] | |||
| caption = Jonathan at the ] in 2013 | |||
|vicepresident = ] | |||
| order = | |||
|term_start = 6 May 2010<br><small>]: 9 February 2010 – 6 May 2010</small> | |||
| office = 14th ] | |||
|term_end = | |||
| vicepresident = ] | |||
|predecessor = ] | |||
| |
| term_start = 6 May 2010 | ||
| term_end = 29 May 2015<br>{{small|]: 9 February 2010 – 6 May 2010}} | |||
|office2 = ] | |||
| |
| predecessor = ] | ||
| successor = ] | |||
|term_start2 = 29 May 2007 | |||
| office1 = 12th ] | |||
|term_end2 = 6 May 2010 | |||
| president1 = ] | |||
|predecessor2 = ] | |||
| term_start1 = 29 May 2007 | |||
|successor2 = ] | |||
| term_end1 = 6 May 2010 | |||
|office3 = ] | |||
| predecessor1 = ] | |||
|term_start3 = 9 December 2005 | |||
| successor1 = ] | |||
|term_end3 = 28 May 2007 | |||
| office2 = 6th ] | |||
|predecessor3 = ] | |||
| deputy2 = | |||
|successor3 = ] | |||
| term_start2 = 9 December 2005 | |||
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|11|20|df=y}} | |||
| term_end2 = 29 May 2007 | |||
|birth_place = ], ] | |||
| predecessor2 = ] | |||
|death_date = | |||
| successor2 = ] | |||
|death_place = | |||
| office3 = Deputy Governor of Bayelsa | |||
|party = ] | |||
| |
| governor3 = ] | ||
| term_start3 = 29 May 1999 | |||
|profession = ] | |||
| term_end3 = 9 December 2005 | |||
|alma_mater = ] | |||
| |
| predecessor3 = | ||
| successor3 = | |||
| birth_name = Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|11|20|df=y}} | |||
| birth_place = ], ], ] (now ], ], Nigeria) | |||
| death_date = | |||
| death_place = | |||
| party = ] | |||
| spouse = ] | |||
| children = 2 | |||
| relations = | |||
| education = ] in ] | |||
| alma_mater = ] | |||
| website = {{URL|https://gej.ng}} | |||
| nationality = ] | |||
| occupation = Politician | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan''', ], ], ] (born 20 November 1957<ref name=Source>Lawson Heyford, , ''The Source'' (Lagos), 11 December 2006</ref>) is the ] Head of State and current ]. Prior to his role as President, he served as ] and Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Jonathan is a member of the ruling ] (PDP). | |||
'''Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan''' {{post-nominals|country=NG|GCFR|GCON}} (born 20 November 1957)<ref name=Source>{{cite magazine|first=Lawson|last=Heyford|url=http://www.thesourceng.com/jonathanprofiledec11.htm|title=Jonathan: A Colossus at 49|url-status=dead|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115035548/http://www.thesourceng.com/jonathanprofiledec11.htm |archive-date=15 January 2009|magazine=The Source|publisher=Summit Publications Ltd.|location=]|volume=20|issue=10|date=11 December 2006}}</ref> is a Nigerian ] who served as the ] from 2010 to 2015.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Goodluck Jonathan|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Goodluck-Jonathan|access-date=3 June 2023|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> He lost the ] to former military head of state General ] and was the first ] president in ] to concede defeat in an election, thus allowing for a ].<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/01/nigeria-election-goodluck-jonathan-lost|title=How Goodluck Jonathan lost the Nigerian election|last=Siollun|first=Max|date=1 April 2015|access-date=11 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022101526/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/01/nigeria-election-goodluck-jonathan-lost|newspaper=]|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
Previously, Jonathan served as the ] from 2007 to 2010 under the administration of ];<ref>{{cite news|date=18 January 2015|title=Goodluck Jonathan: from poor boy to accidental president|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2015/jan/18/president-nigeria-goodluck-jonathan-poor-boy-to-king-profile|access-date=18 March 2022|work=]}}</ref> and in oil-rich ] as ] from 2005 to 2007, and deputy governor from 1999 to 2005.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 March 2015|title=Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan, profile of a defeated president|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12192152|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> | |||
==Early life and education== | ==Early life and education== | ||
Jonathan was born |
Goodluck Jonathan was born on 20 November 1957 in ] to a ] ] family of ] makers,<ref name=Source/><ref name="Al Jazeera Profile22"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318053712/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/02/20102247327794647.html|date=18 March 2010}}. Al Jazeera.net.</ref> in Otuoke, Bayelsa State.<ref name=":2"/> His father, Lawrence Ebele Jonathan, was a canoe maker and his mother, Eunice Ayi Ebele Jonathan, was a retired farmer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gej.ng/biography/|title=Biography|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316202818/http://www.gej.ng/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He attended a Christian primary and secondary school.<ref name=":2"/> | ||
Jonathan holds a ] degree in Zoology in which he attained Second Class Honours. He holds an ] degree in Hydrobiology and Fisheries biology, and a ] degree in Zoology from the ]. He worked as an education inspector, ], and environmental-protection officer. He entered politics in 1998.<ref name="BBC Profile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8510390.stm|title=Profile: Goodluck Jonathan|date=6 May 2010|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> | |||
Jonathan received a ] in ] (]), a ] in ] and ] ]; and a doctorate in zoology from the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/369249-obasanjo-speaks-on-buharis-sertificate-saga.html|last=Buari|first=Jasmine|title=Obasanjo Speaks On Buhari's Certificate Saga|date=22 January 2015|website=]|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> During his time in the university, he taught at Rivers State College of Education from 1983 to 1993.<ref name=":2"/> | |||
==Gubernatorial career== | |||
Jonathan joined the PDP in 1998 to run for Deputy Governor of Bayelsa, his home state, and was elected in 1999. His tenure was reportedly quiet until when, in 2005, his predecessor, ], was impeached after being charged with money laundering, making Jonathan the acting Governor.<ref name="BBC Profile"/><ref name="Al Jazeera Profile"/> | |||
==Pre-presidency (1998–2010)== | |||
==Vice-Presidency== | |||
Before entering into politics in 1998, Jonathan worked as an education inspector, a lecturer and an environmental-protection officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8510390.stm|title=Profile: Goodluck Jonathan|date=6 May 2010|access-date=6 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506031609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8510390.stm|archive-date=6 May 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> His political career began when he became involved with the nascent People's Democratic Party (PDP) in the late 1990s.<ref name=":2"/> | |||
In 2007 Jonathan was selected to run as a vice-presidential candidate alongside Umaru Yar'Adua. An Al-Jazeera profile suggested that his selection fell into place "after other more influential politicians from the region were tainted by an anti-corruption investigation." It was important that Jonathan, a Christian from the south, be coupled with Yar'Adua, a Muslim from the north, to avoid conflict.<ref name="Al Jazeera Profile"/> | |||
Jonathan entered into politics when General ], who ruled as ] of Nigeria from 1993 to 1998, died in office. | |||
In the ], ] ran for governor under the platform of the ] and chose Jonathan as his running mate. Alaimeyeseigha won the election and became the first civilian ] in May 1999. They were reelected in ] and Jonathan's diligence and loyalty to him earned him the recognition as Nigeria's most hardworking deputy governor.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |||
As Vice-President, Jonathan was able to negotiate an agreement with the militants in the Niger Delta, who ceased to fight as part of a government amnesty.<ref name="BBC Profile"/> | |||
== |
===Governorship=== | ||
On 29 May 1999, Jonathan was sworn in as deputy governor of ] alongside ] who came in as the governor of the state on the platform of PDP. Jonathan served as Deputy Governor until December 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gbooza.com/group/nigeriapolitics/forum/topics/the-man-goodluck-ebele#axzz2PIsF6bif|title=The man Goodluck Ebele Jonathan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513095246/http://www.gbooza.com/group/nigeriapolitics/forum/topics/the-man-goodluck-ebele#axzz2PIsF6bif|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> On 9 December 2005, Jonathan, who was the deputy governor at the time, was sworn in as the governor of Bayelsa State upon the impeachment of governor ] by the Bayelsa State Assembly after being charged with money laundering in the ].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} | |||
===Succession=== | |||
] in July 2010.]] | |||
] | |||
==Vice-presidency (2007–2010)== | |||
Jonathan took over as acting president on 10 February 2010 following Umaru Yar'Adua falling ill. While acting president, Jonathan was responsible for a minor cabinet reshuffle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201002110050.html|title= Jonathan Redeploys Aondoakaa}}</ref> | |||
As Vice President, Jonathan took a very low profile. While recognising the constitutional limits of the Vice President's office, he participated in cabinet meetings and, by statute, was a member of the National Security Council, the National Defence Council, the ] and chairman of the National Economic Council. | |||
===Order of succession=== | |||
President Umaru Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 and Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's successor on 6 May,<ref></ref> becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State. On 9 February 2010, a motion from the Nigerian Senate on confirmed the powers to Goodluck Johnathan to act as President of the federation.<ref name="BBC225">{{Cite news | |||
Jonathan was named Acting President of Nigeria on 9 February 2010, following a controversial ] from the ] due to President Yar'Adua's trip to ] in November 2009 for medical treatment.<ref name="BBC225">{{cite news|date=25 February 2010|title=Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan 'is acting president'|agency=]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537718.stm|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226054032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537718.stm|archive-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> On 10 February 2010, his first day as acting president, Jonathan announced a minor cabinet reshuffle.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Iyobosa|last1=Uwugiaren|first2=Golu|last2=Timothy|date=10 February 2010|title=Jonathan Redeploys Aondoakaa|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201002110050.html|publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> | |||
|title = Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan 'is acting president' | |||
|newspaper = BBC News | |||
|publisher = BBC | |||
|date = February 25, 2010 | |||
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537718.stm | |||
|accessdate = February 25, 2010}}</ref> He cited anti-corruption, power and electoral reforms as focuses of his administration. He stated that he came to office under "very sad and unusual circumstances".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/05/20105681641917266.html|title=Nigeria swears in new president|date=6 May 2010|work=Al-Jazeera|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> | |||
In accordance with the order of succession in the ], following President Yar'Adua's death on 5 May 2010, Jonathan, as Acting President, was ] as the substantive president of the ] on 6 May 2010.<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> On 18 May 2010, the ] approved Jonathan's nomination of ] ] ], to replace him as vice president.<ref name=":0">"{{usurped|1=}}". Punch Newspaper</ref><ref name=":1"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025349/http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203|date=27 April 2011}}, ''Liberty News''</ref> For the ], Jonathan and Vice President Sambo attended political events and travelled the country to campaign for the nation's highest office.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Ajani |last1=Jide |first2=Benson|last2=Dayo|date=2010|title=Nigeria: Sambo, Anenih to Head Jonathan's Campaign|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201008240008.html|via=]}}</ref> | |||
On 18 May 2010, the National Assembly approved Jonathan's nomination of former ] governor, ], for the position of Vice President.<ref>Punch Newspaper "NASS confirms Sambo as vice president" http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201005185541038</ref><ref>, ''Liberty News''</ref> | |||
A year later, on 29 May 2011, he was ] as the President of Nigeria and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goodluck Jonathan Inaugurated as Nigerian President English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/goodluck-jonathan-inaugurated-nigerian-president|access-date=31 May 2020|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> He gave his inauguration address where he declared his government was to focus on a Transformation Agenda and promised to continue implementing the seven-point agenda policy framework of President Yar'Adua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seven-point agenda alive – Jonathan|url=http://nigerianbulletin.com/news-headlines/seven-point-agenda-alive-–-jonathan-daily-trust/1347556373000/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411114337/http://nigerianbulletin.com/news-headlines/seven-point-agenda-alive-%E2%80%93-jonathan-daily-trust/1347556373000/|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> He cited anti-corruption, power and electoral reforms as focuses of his administration. He stated that he came to office under "very sad and unusual circumstances".<ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2010|title=Nigeria swears in new president|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/05/20105681641917266.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509032200/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/05/20105681641917266.html|archive-date=9 May 2010}}</ref> | |||
It was suggested that Nigeria's groups of powerbrokers agreed to let him become acting president because he would not contest the looming elections and was not seen as a threat.<ref name="BBC Profile"/> | |||
==Presidency (2010–2015)== | |||
===2011 election=== | |||
{{Main|Presidency of Goodluck Jonathan}} | |||
On 15 September 2010, Jonathan announced his candidacy for the 2011 on Facebook, making him the first Nigerian president to do such via social media.<ref name="Facebook President">{{cite news|last=Webster|first=George|title=Goodluck Jonathan: The Facebook president|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-01/tech/goodluck.jonathan.facebook.profile_1_facebook-fans-popular-social-networking-site-nigerian-president?_s=PM:TECH|accessdate=24 October 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=1 October 2010}}</ref> | |||
===Economics=== | |||
Jonathan faced former Vice President ] and Sarah Jubril in the bid for the PDP primary. Jonathan was declared the winner and received the nomination on 13 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/news-page/goodluck-jonathan-defeats-atiku-pdp-presidential-primary|title= Goodluck Jonathan Defeats Atiku In PDP Presidential Primary}}</ref> | |||
Under Jonathan's administration, Nigeria rebased its gross domestic product for the first time in over a decade, becoming the largest economy in Africa by overtaking South Africa and ].<ref name="Source" /> | |||
The Jonathan administration accrued over US$454 billion while in office from oil revenue.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 August 2017|title=Buhari earns $58bn in 27 months to Jonathan's $454bn in 6 years|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/buhari-earns-58bn-in-27-months-to-jonathans-454bn-in-6-years/|access-date=16 February 2020|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Jonathan previously served as an assistant director at the Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development commission between 1993 and 1998.<ref name=":2"/> | |||
On 18 April, Jonathan was declared the winner of the election, receiving 59% of the votes.<ref name="Sworn in">{{cite news|title=Goodluck Jonathan sworn in as Nigerian president|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/29/goodluck-jonathan-nigerian-president|accessdate=24 October 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 May 2011}}</ref><ref>http://ribadu2011.com/</ref><ref></ref> His victory was followed by violence in the ] over claims of vote rigging.<ref name="Sworn in"/> On 24 April, it was estimated that there were up to 1,000 politically-charged killings since November 2010, a total that Chidi Odinkalu of the Open Society Justice Initiative said hadn't been seen since the 1960s and 1980s and usually resulted in the overthrow of incumbent governments.<ref name="Deadly Clashes in Nigeria">{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|title=Election Fuels Deadly Clashes in Nigeria|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/25/world/africa/25nigeria.html?ref=goodluckjonathan&_r=0|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 April 2011}}</ref> The election was praised by international observers as the fairest in the country's existence. Jonathan was sworn in on 29 May 2011.<ref name="Nigeria's Historic Opportunity">{{cite news|last=Sachs|first=Jeffrey|title=Nigeria's Historic Opportunity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/opinion/31iht-edsachs31.html?ref=goodluckjonathan&_r=0|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 May 2011}}</ref> | |||
The Jonathan administration oversaw the construction of new railways in the country, including the Abuja-Kaduna railway, and conceptualized high-speed rail projects. It also managed the construction and beautification of several federal roads, including the Lagos-Benin Expressway, Abuja-Lokoja Expressway, Enugu-Abakiliki Expressway, Onitsha-Owerri Highway, and most parts of the Enugu-Port Harcourt Expressway.<ref name=":3" /> His administration also oversaw the construction of the second Niger Bridge between Onitsha and Asaba, which helped relieve the pressure on the old 1965 Niger Bridge, as well as the construction of airports across the country. The Akanu Ibiam Airport in Enugu was upgraded to an international airport, directly connecting the South-East region to the outside world for the first time since independence.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | |||
===Domestic policy=== | |||
When taking office, Goodluck Jonathan pledged to focus on the issues of corruption and violence in the Niger Delta, his home region.<ref name="NYT Bio">{{cite news|title=Goodluck Jonathan|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/j/goodluck_jonathan/index.html|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 April 2011}}</ref> | |||
On 2 August 2010, Jonathan launched his 'Roadmap for Power Sector Reform'.<ref name="Roadmap2"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125041843/http://www.nigeriaelectricityprivatisation.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/03/Roadmap-for-Power-Sector-Reform-Full-Version.pdf|date=25 November 2011}}. (PDF).</ref> Its primary goal was to achieve stable electricity supply in Nigeria. The ], which acted as the nation's electricity provider, was broken up into 15 firms, with Nigeria handing over control of state electricity assets to 15 private bidding companies.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180824/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/24/us-nigeria-power-idUSBRE93N0M720130424|date=24 September 2015}}. Reuters.</ref> The Nigerian government contracted for the services of ], a Canada-based consulting firm specialising in transportation and energy infrastructure projects, to act as the transaction adviser for the handover of state electricity assets.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917063858/http://www.nigeriaelectricityprivatisation.com/|date=17 September 2011}}. Nigeria Electricity Privatisation.</ref> | |||
On 2 August 2010 Jonathan launched 'Roadmap for Power Sector Reform‘,<ref name=Roadmap></ref> achieving stable electricity in Nigeria. | |||
Historically, the Nigerian power sector has been plagued by ], mainly due to poor maintenance, theft, and a lack of government oversight rooted in corruption. Economists estimate that power outages have cost Nigeria, Africa's biggest economy, billions of dollars in imported diesel for generators and lost output. In a study conducted by the ], a lack of access to financing and electricity were cited as Nigeria's main obstacles to development, surpassing corruption.<ref>{{cite news|date=March–April 2014|title=Reforming Nigeria|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/discussions/interviews/reforming-nigeria|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206215323/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/discussions/interviews/reforming-nigeria|archive-date=6 February 2015|website=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> | |||
In January 2013, Jonathan reportedly promised $4 million to assist in cleaning up villages that have been effected by a lead poisoning outbreak. Over 400 children have died and ] said that releasing the funds “could be lifesaving for countless children.”<ref name="Hundreds of Children">{{cite news|last=McNeil, Jr.|first=Donald|title=Nigeria: Money Promised to Clean Up Lead That Killed Hundreds of Children|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/world/africa/nigeria-money-promised-to-clean-up-lead-that-killed-hundreds-of-children.html?ref=goodluckjonathan&_r=0|accessdate=7 February 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=29 January 2013}}</ref> | |||
===Finances=== | |||
On 13 December 2011, the 2012 fiscal year's budget removed any provisions for fuel subsidy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/12/13/nigerias-president-removes-petrol-subsidy/l|title= Nigeria’s President Removes Petrol Subsidy}}</ref> According to a poll carried out by the Alliance for Credible Elections (ACE- Nigeria), 80% of Nigerians opposed the plan to remove fuel subsidy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leadership.ng/nga/articles/10680/2011/12/16/80_nigerians_oppose_subsidy_removal_-_pollsters.html|title= 80% Of Nigerians Oppose Subsidy Removal - Pollsters}}</ref> | |||
Jonathan suspended ] as governor of the ]<ref>{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=20 February 2014|title=Governor of Nigeria's Central Bank Is Fired After Warning of Missing Oil Revenue|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/world/africa/governor-of-nigerias-central-bank-is-fired-after-warning-of-missing-oil-revenue.html|work=]|access-date=5 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanusi's suspension legal or illegal?|url=https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/sanusi-s-suspension-legal-or-illegal-nigeria-32427}}</ref> after a series of public investigations and raising the alarm on the ] in a leaked letter which revealed that the ] failed to account for US$48.9 billion of government oil revenue to the central bank<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria's NNPC accused of withholding oil revenue|url=https://www.petroleum-economist.com/articles/politics-economics/africa/2013/nigerias-nnpc-accused-of-withholding-oil-revenue|access-date=21 July 2020|website=www.petroleum-economist.com|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721034035/https://www.petroleum-economist.com/articles/politics-economics/africa/2013/nigerias-nnpc-accused-of-withholding-oil-revenue|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 2015|title=Special Report: Anatomy of Nigeria's $20 billion "leak"|agency=]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-banker-specialreport-idUSKBN0LA0X820150206|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> – the NNPC has a history of financial irregularities and oversees the corrupt ]. Sanusi would go on to reveal the extent of financial recklessness that Nigeria lost a billion dollars a month to diversion of public funds under the Jonathan administration, with oil minister ] diverting $6 billion (₦1.2 trillion) from the Nigerian treasury. | |||
In addition, Jonathan was alleged to have personally ordered over ₦3 trillion ($15 billion) from the ] to support his election and other self-serving projects under the guise of an intervention fund for national security. ], a professor of economics and former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, equated Jonathan's financial recklessness to that of former Ugandan president ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/196901-jonathan-ran-cbn-like-idi-amin-soludo.html|title=Jonathan ran CBN like Idi-Amin – Soludo |work=Premium Times|date=17 January 2016|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> ], an economist and former ], pegged Jonathan's administration as the main cause of Nigeria's economic woes in a lecture at ],<ref>{{cite web|date=14 April 2016|last=Obiajuru|first=Nomso|url=https://www.legit.ng/799712-why-nigeria-wasnt-able-to-save-under-jonathan-okonjo-iweala.html|title=No political will to save under Jonathan - Okonjo-Iweala|website=]|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> although she later denied it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Low Savings: I Didn't Indict Jonathan Administration, Says Okonjo-Iweala |work=Nigeria News Flight|url=http://nigerianewsflight.com/article/low-savings-i-didn%E2%80%99t-indict-jonathan-administration-says-okonjo-iweala|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212634/http://nigerianewsflight.com/article/low-savings-i-didn%E2%80%99t-indict-jonathan-administration-says-okonjo-iweala|archive-date=23 June 2016|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> | |||
On 1 January 2012, the Jonathan administration announced the start of a controversial plan to end fuel subsidies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16379231|title=Nigeria fuel subsidy end raises protest fears | work=BBC News | date=1 January 2012}}</ref> Many prominent Nigerians have spoken out against the removal of fuel subsidy by the Jonathan administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112140239.html|title= Buhari to Jonathan - Leave Subsidy, Tackle Graft}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/ibb-deregulation-ill-timed/106317/|title=IBB: Deregulation Ill-timed}}</ref> Former Petroleum Minister Professor Tam David-West has spoken out and expressed concern that the planned removal of fuel subsidy will squeeze the economy, increase inflation, and hurt both businesses and the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/business/27455-subsidy-removal%C2%A0will-choke-economy,-says-david-west.html|title= Subsidy removal will choke economy, says David-West}}</ref> General Yakubu Gowon, a former military Head of State, has warned the government that the country's infrastructure should be revived before fuel subsidy removal steps are taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/29461-gowon-to-jonathan%3A-don’t-remove-subsidy-now.html|title=Gowon to Jonathan: don’t remove subsidy now}}</ref> | |||
===Corruption=== | |||
Following the The Nigeria Labour Congress' warning that the country faces many strikes, the country unions followed up with strikes that were matched with civil protests from 9–13 January 2012. Protesters and groups called for President Jonathan to resign over the removal of fuel subsidies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/01/03/protests-in-lagos-ibadan-over-removal-of-subsidy/|title=Protests In Lagos, Ibadan Over Removal Of Subsidy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112140825.html|title=Subsidy Removal - CNPP Calls for Jonathan's Resignation}}</ref> After five days of national protests and strikes, on 16 January, Jonathan announced that the pump price of petroleum would be 97 ] per liter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Nigerian-Unions-President-Fail-to-Resolve-Subsidy-Stalemate-137358213.html/|title=Nigeria Cuts Fuel Prices After Strike, Protests}}</ref> | |||
{{Main|$2 billion arms deal}} | |||
Jonathan's government has largely been described as corrupt. According to '']'', corruption flourished ], "who let politicians and their cronies fill their pockets with impunity."<ref>{{cite news|date=30 January 2016|title=Nigeria's economy|newspaper=]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21689584-cheap-oil-causing-currency-crisis-nigeria-banning-imports-no|url-status=live|access-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130222804/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21689584-cheap-oil-causing-currency-crisis-nigeria-banning-imports-no|archive-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Large sums of money have been used improperly multiple times, with ]3.98 trillion (US$20 billion) allegedly going missing<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria: Missing U.S.$20 Billion - Sanusi Faults Alison-Madueke, Says Audit Report Proves At Least U.S.$18.5 Billion Lost|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201505140400.html|last=Udo|first=Bassey|work=Premium Times|via=]|date=14 May 2015|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> and ₦398 billion ($2 billion) of military funds allegedly dispersed amongst high-ranking officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/196518-2-1-billion-dasukigate-key-questions-jonathan-must-answer-serap.html|title=$2.1 billion DasukiGate: Key questions Jonathan must answer – SERAP|work=Premium Times|date=10 January 2016|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> In 2006, reports released by Wikileaks claimed that Jonathan's wife, ], was indicted for money-laundering by Nigeria's anti-crime agency, the ] (EFCC).<ref name="Profiles22">{{cite web|title=Profiles|url=http://www.theafricantimes.com/profile.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330091723/http://www.theafricantimes.com/profile.html|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
<ref>Anike Nwodo, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513065650/https://www.naij.com/692728-2-1b-arms-deal-jonathan-hasnt-arrested-efcc-chairman.html|date=13 May 2016}}, Naij.com.</ref> | |||
;Renaming the University of Lagos | |||
In May 2012, President Jonathan changed the name of the ], renaming it the Moshood Abiola University in honour of the late ]. The action drew attention from critics -- among them were pro-Abiola advocates and parties involved with the university.<ref name="Gift Horse">{{cite web|last=Soyinka|first=Wole|title=Goodluck Jonathan’s Gift Horse By Wole Soyinka|url=http://dailypost.com.ng/2012/05/31/goodluck-jonathans-gift-horse-by-wole-soyinka/|publisher=Daily Post|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=Unconstitutional>{{cite web|last=Babalola|first=Afe|title=Renaming UNILAG is illegal and unconstitutional (2)|url=http://www.punchng.com/opinion/renaming-unilag-is-illegal-and-unconstitutional-2/|publisher=Punch|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Reject renaming">{{cite news|last=Various|title=Tinubu, Fayemi, others reject UNILAG renaming|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/tinubu-fayemi-others-reject-unilag-renaming/|accessdate=8 June 2012|newspaper=Punch|date=1 June 2012}}</ref> Some critics cited that the President did not submit an appropriate bill to the legislature for the change; that the University's brand name should not be tampered with. The UNILAG Alumni Association commented that although they do not have prejudice against MKO Abiola, they were concerned "that neither the Governing Council nor the University Senate nor any other stakeholder was consulted before the change was announced."<ref name="Name Change UNILAG">{{cite news|last=Sahara Reporters|title=UNILAG Alumni Association rejects institution’s name change by Jonathan|url=http://www.informationnigeria.org/2012/05/unilag-alumni-association-rejects-institutions-name-change-by-jonathan.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=8 June 2012|newspaper=Information Nigeria|date=30 May 2012}}</ref> ] congratulated Jonathan for taking action, but urged him to "do it right", adding that "we must be careful not to localise or sectionalise MKO". The President has attempted to regularize the renaming of the school by submitting a bill for an amendment of the University's establishing law to the legislature. | |||
=== |
===Foreign affairs=== | ||
] and ] ] in 2014]] | |||
On 26 August 2011, after the UN building in ] was bombed by ], Jonathan announced that it was not merely an attack on Nigeria, but on the international community. He told reporters that "we would work together with the UN and other world leaders to ensure that terrorism is brought under control."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14696446 | work=BBC News | title=Nigerian leader vows to fight terrorism after UN attack | date=28 August 2011}}</ref> In early 2012, Jonathan expressed his belief that, for the first time, Boko Haram sympathizers are part of his government and its related securities agencies.<ref name="Officials back">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan: Officials back Boko Haram|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16462891|accessdate=11 March 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=8 January 2012}}</ref> In response to a Muslim leader's suggestion that Boko Haram be granted amnesty to end the violence, Jonathan said that his government can't grant this because it is unclear who the members are and what they want.<ref name="amnesty call">{{cite news|title=Nigeria's president rejects Boko Haram amnesty call|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21710464|accessdate=11 March 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=7 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
During Jonathan's administration, Nigeria's foreign policy was reviewed to reflect a "citizen-focused" approach, designed to "accord this vision of defending the dignity of humanity the highest priority" and connect foreign policy to domestic policy, while placing a greater emphasis on economic diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abati|first=Reuben|date=31 July 2011|title=President Jonathan on Review of Nigeria's Foreign Policy|url=http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/press-releases/president-jonathan-on-review-of-nigerias-foreign-policy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127171219/http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/press-releases/president-jonathan-on-review-of-nigerias-foreign-policy.html|archive-date=27 January 2013|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
=== National issues === | |||
In response to the ]'s attack on a oil pipeline on 4 February 2012 in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-02-06/nigerian-militant-group-mend-says-it-attacked-eni-pipeline.html|title=Nigerian Militant Group MEND Says It Attacked Eni Pipeline}}</ref> the Senate President David Mark stated that the security situation in the country is "intolerable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ggRt4Rl9dBkhKvpkWdPw-cQuNI7w?docId=CNG.560db9496881b830cd81321b1814191e.c1/|title= Nigeria's security situation 'intolerable': senate president}}</ref> | |||
====2010 Nigerian lead poisoning incident==== | |||
In January 2013, Jonathan reportedly promised $4 million to assist in cleaning up villages that have been affected by a ] incident.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Oladipo|first=Tomi|date=12 April 2013|title=Cleaning up Nigeria's toxic playgrounds|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22131829|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gbenro|first=Oluwatobi|title=tributary to Fmr. Pres. Goodluck Jonathan|url=https://www.academia.edu/19556926|language=en}}</ref> Over 400 children died and ] said that releasing the funds "could be lifesaving for countless children."<ref name="Hundreds of Children22">{{cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald Jr.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/world/africa/nigeria-money-promised-to-clean-up-lead-that-killed-hundreds-of-children.html?ref=goodluckjonathan&_r=0|title=Nigeria: Money Promised to Clean Up Lead That Killed Hundreds of Children|date=29 January 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206101350/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/world/africa/nigeria-money-promised-to-clean-up-lead-that-killed-hundreds-of-children.html?ref=goodluckjonathan&_r=0|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> | |||
====2012 Occupy Nigeria protests==== | |||
During his South African magistrate court trial on 2 May 2012, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) former leader ] came out and insisted that President Jonathan masterminded bomb attacks. He told the court that President Jonathan and his aides organised the October 1, 2010 independence day bomb attacks in Abuja in a desperate political strategy to demonize political opponents, including the former military President General Ibrahim Babangida, and to win popular sympathy ahead of the 2011 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestreetjournal.org/2012/05/%E2%80%9Cjonathan-begged-me-to-blame-north-for-october-1-blasts%E2%80%9D-henry-okah-claims/|title= "Jonathan Begged Me To Blame North For October 1 Blasts", Henry Okah Claims}}</ref> Jonathan denied the allegations of terrorism in media statement issued on 2 May 2012. The Presidency also expressed no interest in commenting further at the time, but expressed plans to "make a full representation on the matter to the court when the trial opens."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okah-lied-over-oct-2010-bombing/114992/|title= Okah Lied over Oct 2010 Bombing}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/home/2012/05/02/jonathan-denies-allegations-that-he-masterminded-independence-day-bombings/|title=Jonathan denies allegations that he masterminded Independence Day bombings}}</ref> | |||
{{Main|Occupy Nigeria}} | |||
On 1 January 2012, the Jonathan administration announced the start of a controversial plan to end fuel subsidies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16379231|title=Nigeria fuel subsidy end raises protest fears|date=1 January 2012|access-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313163743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16379231|archive-date=13 March 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref> Following the ]' warning that the country faces many strikes, the country unions followed up with strikes that were matched with ] from 9–13 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerians Protest Removal of Fuel Subsidy, 2012|url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nigerians-protest-removal-fuel-subsidy-2012|website=Global Nonviolent Action Database|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/12119.pdf|title=Parliament of the Streets|last=Lakemfa|first=Owei}}</ref> Protesters and groups called for Jonathan to resign over the removal of fuel subsidies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/01/03/protests-in-lagos-ibadan-over-removal-of-subsidy/|title=Protests in Lagos, Ibadan Over Removal of Subsidy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130144856/http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/01/03/protests-in-lagos-ibadan-over-removal-of-subsidy/|archive-date=30 January 2012|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112140825.html|title=Subsidy Removal: CNPP Calls for Jonathan's Resignation|first=Shuaib|last=Shuaib|date=14 December 2011|publisher=AllAfrica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212003136/http://allafrica.com/stories/201112140825.html|archive-date=12 December 2013|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> After five days of national protests and strikes, on 16 January, Jonathan announced that the pump price of petroleum would be 97 ] per litre compared to a post-subsidy level of 147 naira.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Nigerian-Unions-President-Fail-to-Resolve-Subsidy-Stalemate-137358213.html/|title=Nigeria Cuts Fuel Prices After Strike, Protests|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119064247/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Nigerian-Unions-President-Fail-to-Resolve-Subsidy-Stalemate-137358213.html|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
In 2012, upon the partial removal of petrol subsidies, the Jonathan administration instituted a subsidy re-investment programme designed to spend the money saved from partial petrol price deregulation on physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, etc., across the country. The ] (SURE-P) was also intended to improve maternal health and reduce maternal mortality. | |||
===Image=== | |||
Jonathan is seen as lacking the charisma of many previous Nigerian leaders, having been described as having an "underwhelming personality" by a former US Ambassador.<ref name="Al Jazeera Profile"/> Samuel Amadi, director of policy at the Good Governance Group, noted that Jonathan " not obsessed with power...e doesn’t have the usual swagger of Nigerian politicians.”<ref name="Stirs Hopes">{{cite news|last=NOSSITER|first=ADAM|title=An Accidental Leader Stirs Hopes in Nigeria|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/world/africa/20nigeria.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 February 2010}}</ref> | |||
The government followed the advice of international experts who claimed the fuel subsidy (which cost $8 billion per year, or 25% of the annual government budget)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.org/us/2012/02/08/faq-the-fuel-subsidy-protests-in-nigeria/|title=FAQ: The fuel subsidy protests in Nigeria|date=8 February 2012|website=One|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206101052/http://www.one.org/us/2012/02/08/faq-the-fuel-subsidy-protests-in-nigeria/|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> was unsustainable. The ], a think tank, praised the government's move, arguing that the subsidy crowded out other development spending, such as education, and discouraged investment in the country's economic lifeblood: the oil sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/10-fuel-subsidies-nigeria-songwe|title=Removal of Fuel Subsidies in Nigeria: An Economic Necessity and a Political Dilemma|date=10 January 2012|website=Brookings|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206102522/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/10-fuel-subsidies-nigeria-songwe|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> In his book ''My Transition Hours'', Goodluck Jonathan stated that the subsidy was consuming too much of the nations revenues and that the public believed the sector was highly corrupt. He mentioned that the Minister of Finance ], briefed him on the corrupt practices uncovered by a technical committee she has assembled. Jonathan expressed alarm that billions of naira were being lost by the nation due to the subsidy regime.<ref>{{cite book|title=My Transition Hours|last1=Jonathan|first1=Goodluck|date=2018|publisher=Ezekiel Books|isbn=9781732492264|page=20}}</ref> | |||
On 29 June 2010, Jonathan launched a ] page in accordance with his promise to interact more with Nigerians.<ref name="Facebook Fan-page"></ref> | |||
Many prominent Nigerians spoke out against the removal of the subsidy. Former Petroleum Minister Professor Tam David-West expressed concern that the planned removal of the fuel subsidy will squeeze the economy, increase inflation, and hurt both businesses and the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/business/27455-subsidy-removal%C2%A0will-choke-economy,-says-david-west.html|title=Subsidy removal will choke economy, says David-West|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127085902/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/business/27455-subsidy-removal%C2%A0will-choke-economy%2C-says-david-west.html|archive-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> A former military Head of State who was also a former Minister for Petroleum & Natural Resources, General ], urged Jonathan not to remove the fuel subsidy and to tackle corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112140239.html|title=Buhari to Jonathan – Leave Subsidy, Tackle Graft|first=Abbas|last=Jimoh|date=14 December 2011|publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> ], another former military Head of State, warned the government that the country's infrastructure should be revived before fuel subsidy removal steps were taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/29461-gowon-to-jonathan%3A-don’t-remove-subsidy-now.html|title=Gowon to Jonathan: don't remove subsidy now|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011035742/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/29461-gowon-to-jonathan%3A-don%E2%80%99t-remove-subsidy-now.html|archive-date=11 October 2013}}</ref> Former military president Gen. ], joined millions of Nigerians protesting against the removal of the fuel subsidy by the Jonathan administration, saying that the action is ill-timed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/ibb-deregulation-ill-timed/106317/|title=IBB: Deregulation Ill-timed|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109005010/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/ibb-deregulation-ill-timed/106317|archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
====2014 National Conference==== | |||
{{Further|2014 National Conference, Nigeria}} | |||
In March 2014, President Jonathan inaugurated the 2014 National Conference. The conference was the first of its kind since the 2005 political reform conference,<ref>{{cite news|last=Owete|first=Festus|date=16 February 2014|title=Between Jonathan's National Conference and Obasanjo's National Political Reform Conference: What You Need To Know|work=Premium Times|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/155237-between-jonathans-national-conference-and-obasanjos-national-political-reform-conference.html|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> it had 492 delegates that debated on key socio-political national issues impeding national development.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 August 2014|title=What did Nigeria's National Conference achieve?|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28929532|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> | |||
====2014 Ebola outbreak==== | |||
{{Further|Ebola in Nigeria}} | |||
On 20 July 2014, ], a Liberian-American, flew from ] to ] in ], with a stopover at ], Togo.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oduyemi|first1=Rachael O.|last2=Ayegboyin|first2=Matthew|last3=Salami|first3=Kabiru K.|year=2016|title=Perceptions of Ebola virus disease in Nigeria: Understanding the influence of imagination on health orientation|journal=International Journal of Nursing Practice|volume=22|issue=3|pages=291–299|doi=10.1111/ijn.12425|pmid=27080239|issn=1440-172X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ebola: Why Patrick Sawyer travelled to Nigeria – Wife|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/166660-ebola-why-patrick-sawyer-travelled-to-nigeria-wife.html|last=Ibekwe|first=Nicholas|date=13 August 2014|access-date=31 May 2020|work=Premium Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6339a5.htm|title=Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak – Nigeria, July–September 2014|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> He was subsequently described as having appeared to be "terribly ill" when he left Monrovia. Sawyer became violently ill upon arriving at the airport and died five days later. In response, the Nigerian government observed all of Sawyer's contacts for signs of infection and increased surveillance at all entry points to the country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jacque|title=Ebola outbreak kills an American|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/29/health/ebola-outbreak-american-dies/index.html|agency=]|date=29 July 2014|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> | |||
On 6 August 2014, the Nigerian health minister told reporters: "Yesterday, the first known Nigerian to die of Ebola was recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola outbreak: nurse who treated first victim in Nigeria dies|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/06/ebola-outbreak-nurse-nigeria-dies|date=6 August 2014|work=]|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My encounter with Patrick Sawyer— Adadevoh|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/encounter-patrick-sawyer-adadevoh/|date=23 August 2014|work=]|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> This was one of the nurses that attended to the Liberian. The other five newly confirmed cases are being treated at an isolation ward." The doctor who treated Sawyer, ], subsequently also died of Ebola. On 22 September 2014, the Nigeria ministry of health announced: "As of today, there is no case of Ebola in Nigeria. All listed contacts who were under surveillance have been followed up for 21 days.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Otu|first1=Akaninyene|last2=Ameh|first2=Soter|last3=Osifo-Dawodu|first3=Egbe|last4=Alade|first4=Enoma|last5=Ekuri|first5=Susan|last6=Idris|first6=Jide|date=2017-07-10|title=An account of the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria: implications and lessons learnt|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=18|issue=1|page=3|doi=10.1186/s12889-017-4535-x|issn=1471-2458|pmc=5504668|pmid=28693453 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak – Nigeria, July–September 2014|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6339a5.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> "According to the ], 20 cases and 8 deaths had been confirmed, along with the imported case, who also died. Four of the dead were health care workers who had cared for Sawyer. In all, 529 contacts had been followed and of that date they had all completed a 21-day mandatory period of surveillance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shuaib|first1=Faisal|last2=Gunnala|first2=Rajni|last3=Musa|first3=Emmanuel O.|last4=Mahoney|first4=Frank J.|last5=Oguntimehin|first5=Olukayode|last6=Nguku|first6=Patrick M.|last7=Nyanti|first7=Sara Beysolow|author-link7=Sara Beysolow Nyanti|last8=Knight|first8=Nancy|last9=Gwarzo|first9=Nasir Sani|last10=Idigbe|first10=Oni|last11=Nasidi|first11=Abdulsalam|date=3 October 2014|title=Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak – Nigeria, July–September 2014|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=63|issue=39|pages=867–872|issn=0149-2195|pmc=4584877|pmid=25275332}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WHO: Ebola Response Roadmap Update|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/136161/roadmapupdate10Oct14_eng.pdf;jsessionid=69E1E8294EA3AEB35CC8054F3B11F503?sequence=1|author=World Health Organisation|date=2014|website=WHO}}</ref> | |||
====2014 Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act==== | |||
In January 2014, Jonathan signed into law the Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act after it was passed by the ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The law prohibits gay relationships, membership and other involvement in gay societies and organisations and gay marriages. The bill came after international polls showed that 98% of Nigerians did not think homosexuality should be accepted by society, the highest percentage of any country surveyed.<ref name=":1222">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-nigeria-banned-gay-marriage-and-gay-meetings-2014-1|title=The simple reason Nigeria just banned gay marriage and gay meetings|date=14 January 2014|website=Business Insider|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206094009/http://www.businessinsider.com/why-nigeria-banned-gay-marriage-and-gay-meetings-2014-1|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Penalties can be up to 14 years in prison for gay marriages and up to 10 years for other violations of the law.<ref>] (13 January 2014) ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</ref> Within a short period, the federal police department compiled a list of 168 gay people who would subsequently be jailed. Within days 38 lesbian and gay people had been jailed, with arrests beginning during Christmas. The anti-] bill stipulates that those who withhold the details of LGBT individuals face prison terms of up to five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/13/nigerian-president-signs-anti-gay-law|title=Nigeria's president signs law imposing up to 14 years' jail for gay relationships|date=13 January 2014|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210150816/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/13/nigerian-president-signs-anti-gay-law|archive-date=10 February 2014|access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> His decision and the law itself have been described as controversial,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/nigerias-religious-leaders-welcome-controversial-anti-gay-law/2014/01/16/12485d88-7ef7-11e3-97d3-b9925ce2c57b_story.html|title=Nigeria's religious leaders welcome controversial anti-gay law|first=Fredrick|last=Nzwili|date=16 January 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021011029/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/nigerias-religious-leaders-welcome-controversial-anti-gay-law/2014/01/16/12485d88-7ef7-11e3-97d3-b9925ce2c57b_story.html|archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> but according to a poll, 92% of Nigerians supported the ban.<ref name=":1222"/> | |||
===Security issues=== | |||
Jonathan's administration was heavily criticized for its failure to tackle insecurity. The first major challenge was the ]. Okah told the court that President Jonathan and his aides organised the attacks in Abuja in a desperate political strategy to demonise political opponents, including former military head of state General ], and to win popular sympathy ahead of the elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestreetjournal.org/2012/05/%E2%80%9Cjonathan-begged-me-to-blame-north-for-october-1-blasts%E2%80%9D-henry-okah-claims/|title='Jonathan Begged Me To Blame North For October 1 Blasts', Henry Okah Claims|date=2 May 2012|work=The Street Journal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506074422/http://thestreetjournal.org/2012/05/%E2%80%9Cjonathan-begged-me-to-blame-north-for-october-1-blasts%E2%80%9D-henry-okah-claims/|archive-date=6 May 2012|access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> | |||
====2011==== | |||
On 29 May 2011, a few hours after Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as president, ] killed 15 and injured 55.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 16 June 2011, Boko Haram claimed to have conducted the ], the first known suicide attack in Nigeria.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Two months later the ], signifying the first time that Boko Haram attacked an international organisation.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 December 2014|title=Two Nigerian cities under attack|agency=]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30280888|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> In December 2011, it carried out ] killing over a hundred people, subsequently ], resulting in at least 68 deaths.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Two days later on ] several Christian churches with bomb blasts and shootings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline of Boko Haram attacks and related violence – Nigeria|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/timeline-boko-haram-attacks-and-related-violence|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> | |||
====2012==== | |||
Following the ], which left over hundreds of casualties, ], a former deputy of ], appeared in a video posted on YouTube.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} According to ], Shekau took control of the group after the death of Yusuf in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 May 2014|title=Profile: Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18020349|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2012|title=Boko Haram attacks – timeline|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/25/boko-haram-timeline-nigeria|access-date=30 May 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Abubakar|first=Tasiu|date=2014|title=The Boko Haram Sparks|url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/4530/1/The%20Media%20and%20Boko%20Haram1.pdf|journal=]|pages=97–110|via=Openaccess.city.ac.uk}}</ref> Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the violence in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths. On 8 March 2012, a small ] team and the Nigerian Army ] two hostages, Chris McManus and Franco Lamolinara, being held in Nigeria by members of the Boko Haram terrorist organisation loyal to ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The two hostages were killed before or during the rescue attempt. All the hostage takers were reportedly killed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Winnett|first=Robert|date=8 March 2012|title=British hostage killed in failed SBS rescue bid|work=]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/9132481/British-hostage-killed-in-failed-SBS-rescue-bid.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/9132481/British-hostage-killed-in-failed-SBS-rescue-bid.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=30 May 2020|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Boko Haram Declares War On Elderly People, Slaughter Over 50 In Borno|url=https://bizwatchnigeria.ng/boko-haram-declares-war-on-elderly-people-slaughter-over-50-in-borno/|date=22 December 2014|website=BizWatchNigeria.Ng|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> | |||
====2013==== | |||
On 18 March, a ], with several casualties.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} In May 2013, Nigerian government forces launched an offensive in the Borno region in an attempt to dislodge Boko Haram fighters after a state of emergency was called on 14 May 2013.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The state of emergency, applied to the states of ], ], and ] in northeastern Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|last=Botelho|first=Greg|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/05/14/world/africa/nigeria-violence/index.html|title=Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan declares emergency in 3 states|agency=]|date=14 May 2013|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> The offensive had initial success, but the Boko Haram rebels were able to regain their strength. Although initially offering amnesty, by June 2013 he ordered a 20-year jail term for anyone found to be in support of Boko Haram.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/nigeria-orders-20-year-jail-term-for-boko-haram-support-idUSBRE9540IL/|title=Nigeria orders 20-year jail term for Boko Haram support|agency=]|date=5 June 2013|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> In July 2013, Boko Haram ], bringing the school year to an early end in the state.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 5 August 2013, Boko Haram launched dual attacks on Bama and Malam Fatori, leaving 35 dead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military-insurgents clashes kill 35 in Nigeria|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1034472|date=6 August 2013|work=]|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> | |||
====2014==== | |||
On 16 January 2014, it was reported that Jonathan had sacked his military high command in response to their inability to end the Islamist-led insurgency in Northern Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-25759755|title=Nigeria's President Goodluck Jonathan sacks military chiefs|agency=]|date=16 January 2014|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> On 14 April, over 200 schoolgirls in ] were ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} A few weeks later in May, a terrorist ] was launched against the military in Chibok. Many demonstrations called for the government to be more responsive; Jonathan asked that demonstrators focus on blaming Boko Haram itself for the abductions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nigerianeye.com/2014/05/blame-boko-haram-over-abduction-of.html|title=Blame Boko Haram for the abduction of Chibok girls - Jonathan|website=Nigerian Eye|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195852/http://www.nigerianeye.com/2014/05/blame-boko-haram-over-abduction-of.html|archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref> Jonathan initially denied that there had been any abduction at all, but then later signaled his government would do a prisoner release in exchange for the kidnapped girls. Discussions then took place in Paris with foreign ministers from France, Britain, the United States and Israel, where he agreed no deals should be struck with terrorists. He then called off the exchange at the last minute on 24 May 2014.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} This reportedly enraged Boko Haram leaders.<ref name="ExchangeScrapped222">{{cite news|url=http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/222347979/scat/8db1f72cde37faf3/ht/Nigerian-government-called-off-deal-to-free-kidnapped-girls|title=Nigerian government 'called off deal' to free kidnapped girls|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528021909/http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/222347979/scat/8db1f72cde37faf3/ht/Nigerian-government-called-off-deal-to-free-kidnapped-girls|archive-date=28 May 2014|work=Nigeria Sun}}</ref> | |||
In May 2014, ], resulting in the deaths of at least 118 people and the injury or over 56 others.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} During the ], a plaza in the capital city was bombed and hundreds of villagers attacked in a two-day killing spree in ]{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} In November, Boko Haram ], attempting to assassinate the Emir ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Starting in late 2014, Boko Haram militants attacked several Nigerian towns in the North and captured them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} This prompted the Nigerian government to launch an offensive, and with the help of Chad, Niger, and Cameroon, they have recaptured many areas that were formerly under the control of Boko Haram. In late 2014, Boko Haram seized control of ], according to the town's residents.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} In December 2014, it was reported that "people too elderly to flee Gwoza Local Government Area were being rounded up and taken to two schools where the militants opened fire on them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}" Over 50 elderly people in Bama were killed. A "gory" video was released of insurgents shooting over a hundred civilians in a school dormitory in the town of Bama.<ref>{{cite web|last=Muyiwa|first=Afolabi|title=African Insurgency: The challenges of peace and security|url=https://www.academia.edu/26978386|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
====2015==== | |||
Between 3 and 7 January 2015, Boko Haram attacked the town of ] and ], perhaps the largest ] by Boko Haram.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 10 January 2015, a bomb attack took place at the Monday Market in ], killing 19 people.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The city is considered to be at the heart of the Boko Haram insurgency. In the early hours of 25 January 2015, Boko Haram launched a major assault on the city.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 26 January 2015 ] reported that the attack on Maiduguri by "hundreds of gunmen" had been repelled, but the nearby town of ] was captured by Boko Haram.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The Nigerian Army claimed to have successfully repelled another attack on Maiduguri on 31 January 2015.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Starting in late January 2015, a coalition of military forces from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger began a ] campaign against Boko Haram.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 4 February 2015, the ] killed over 200 Boko Haram militants.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Soon afterwards, Boko Haram launched an attack on the Cameroonian town of ], killing 81 civilians, 13 Chadian soldiers and 6 Cameroonian soldiers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | |||
On 17 February 2015 the Nigerian military retook Monguno in a coordinated air and ground assault.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader ] pledged allegiance to the ] (ISIL) via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Nigerian army spokesperson Sami Usman Kukasheka said the pledge was a sign of weakness and that Shekau was like a "drowning man". That same day, ] left 54 dead and 143 wounded. On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman ] released an audiotape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to West Africa.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Following its declaration of loyalty to ISIL, Boko Haram was designated as the group's "West Africa Province" (Islamic State West Africa Province, or ISWAP) while Shekau was appointed as its first ] (governor). Furthermore, ISIL started to support Boko Haram, but also began to interfere in its internal matters. For example, ISIL's central leadership attempted to reduce Boko Haram's brutality toward civilians and internal critics, as Shekau's ideology was "too extreme even for the Islamic State".{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | |||
On 24 March 2015, residents of ], Nigeria said that Boko Haram had taken more than 400 women and children from the town as they fled from coalition forces.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 27 March 2015, the Nigerian army captured ], which was believed to be the location of Boko Haram headquarters.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On election day, 28 March 2015, Boko Haram extremists killed 41 people, including a legislator, to discourage hundreds from voting.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} ] soldiers during ] operations against Boko Haram in March 2015. In March 2015, Boko Haram lost control of the Northern Nigerian towns of ] and ] (believed to be their headquarters) to the ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} The Nigerian authorities said that they had taken back 11 of the 14 districts previously controlled by Boko Haram.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} In April 2016, four Boko Haram camps in the ] were overrun by the Nigerian military who freed nearly 300 females.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Boko Haram forces were believed to have retreated to the ], along the ]. On 16 March 2015, the Nigerian army said that it had recaptured Bama.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} On 27 March 2015, the day before the ], the ] announced that it had recaptured the town of Gwoza from Boko Haram.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | |||
By April 2015, the Nigerian military was reported to have retaken most of the areas previously controlled by Boko Haram in Northeastern Nigeria, except for the ]. In May 2015, the Nigerian military announced that they had released about 700 women from camps in ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} | |||
===2015 election=== | |||
] | |||
{{Main|2015 Nigerian presidential election}} | |||
Jonathan believed the APC's popularity was inflated, having made his view clear in an interview with ], Nigeria's Independent Online Newspaper in 2015—just two days to the general elections. Jonathan said "I don't think Nigerians will make the mistake of voting for Buhari. Gen. Buhari, with due respect, is not the right option for Nigeria at this time. It is a gamble that is not worth taking. I may not be perfect as nobody is perfect. But I believe that come Saturday, the majority of Nigerian voters will choose me as the best candidate to lead the nation forward."<ref name="TheCable2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/exclusive-interview-will-soon-see-apc-grossly-overrated-says-jonathan|title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: You will soon see that APC is grossly overrated, says Jonathan – TheCable|date=26 March 2015|website=]|access-date=11 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427183842/https://www.thecable.ng/exclusive-interview-will-soon-see-apc-grossly-overrated-says-jonathan|archive-date=27 April 2018}}</ref> | |||
On 31 March 2015, Jonathan conceded the election to challenger ], who was sworn in to succeed him on 29 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/buharis-campaign-nigerias-president-has-conceded-defeat/ar-AAah1AN?ocid=ansnewsap11|title = Cabinet minister: Nigerian president concedes to Buhari|date = 31 March 2015|access-date = 31 March 2015|website = MSN News|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103033/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/buharis-campaign-nigerias-president-has-conceded-defeat/ar-AAah1AN?ocid=ansnewsap11|archive-date = 2 April 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> Jonathan said in a statement he issued on 31 March 2015 that "Nobody's ambition is worth the blood of any Nigerian."<ref>{{cite news|first=Isiaka|last=Wakili|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/nigeriavotes/88-fct/19742-jonathan-to-pdp-don-t-mourn-my-loss|title=Jonathan to PDP: Don't mourn my loss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520073252/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/nigeriavotes/88-fct/19742-jonathan-to-pdp-don-t-mourn-my-loss|archive-date=20 May 2015|date=20 May 2015|work=Daily Trust|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
==Post-presidency (2015–present)== | |||
Since leaving office, Jonathan has continued to defend his administration. In 2019, he was appointed as the honorary special advisor to the Bayelsa Education Trust Fund board.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/24/goodluck-jonathan-gets-new-appointment/|title=Goodluck Jonathan gets new appointment|date=24 May 2019|work=]|access-date=7 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526212843/https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/24/goodluck-jonathan-gets-new-appointment/|archive-date=26 May 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2019, Goodluck Jonathan was named chairperson of the newly inaugurated International Summit Council for Peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1242326-goodluck-jonathan-international-appointment.html|title=Goodluck Jonathan emerges chairperson of International Summit Council for Peace|last=Yusuf|first=Omotayo|date=7 June 2019|website=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607231212/https://www.legit.ng/1242326-goodluck-jonathan-international-appointment.html|archive-date=7 June 2019|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, Jonathan was appointed ] of the ] (ECOWAS)<ref>{{cite news|date=15 July 2020|title=ECOWAS names ex-president Jonathan special envoy for Mali|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ecowas-names-ex-president-jonathan-special-envoy-for-mali/|work=The Guardian|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> to lead mediation talks during the ].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2020|title=Ex-Nigerian president Goodluck Jonathan in Mali to mediate crisis|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/07/16/ex-nigerian-president-goodluck-jonathan-in-mali-to-mediate-crisis/|website=Africanews|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
===2023 election=== | |||
It was alleged that Jonathan had expressed interest to stand for the ] under the ] (APC). To achieve this, the APC primary nomination form was picked up for him by an unknown political group.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2022|title=2023 PRESIDENCY: Jonathan makes U-turn on APC ticket|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/528677-2023-northern-group-buys-apc-presidential-nomination-form-for-jonathan.html. |access-date=29 June 2024|work=]}}</ref> | |||
Nothing was later heard of it, as Jonathan never appeared for screening at the APC Secretariat. Former ] governor, Bola Tinubu, emerged the APC candidate at a primary election conducted on 8 June 2022, defeating then-vice president Prof. Yemi Osinbajo and a host of other aspirants.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2022|title=Tinubu defeats Amaechi, Osinbajo, others to win APC ticket|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/535589-breaking-2023-tinubu-defeats-amaechi-osinbajo-others-to-win-apc-presidential-ticket.html|access-date=29 June 2024|work=Premium Times}}</ref> | |||
===2023 Zimbabwean general election=== | |||
In 2023, Jonathan was appointed head of delegation for the ] and ] in the ]. On Friday, 25 August 2023, he addressed a press briefing giving ] poor ratings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final AU, COMESA, EOM preliminary statement on 2023 harmonised elections |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/final-au-comesa-eom-preliminary-statement-on-2023-harmonised-elections.pdf|website=African Union|access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> This was in harmony with similar findings by the ] and SEAM delivered earlier in the same press briefing. | |||
==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
===Image=== | |||
Jonathan and his wife ] have two children. He is a Christian. He comes from the ].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8510390.stm|title=Profile: Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria's unlikely leader|publisher=BBC|date=22 February 2010|accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref> | |||
Jonathan is known for sporting his trademark ] that is commonly worn by inhabitants of the ].<ref>{{cite news|date=1 April 2015|title=Luck runs out for president Goodluck Jonathan as Nigerian opposition wins landmark election|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1753496/no-luck-president-goodluck-jonathan-nigerian-opposition-wins-landmark|access-date=17 February 2024|work=]}}</ref> | |||
===Family=== | |||
Jonathan and his wife, ], have two children.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ibenegbu|first=George|date=20 November 2018|title=Top facts from the biography of the former President Goodluck Jonathan|url=https://www.legit.ng/1134906-former-president-goodluck-jonathan-biography.html|access-date=22 January 2020|website=Legit.ng}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/jonathan-kids-patronize-nigerian-restaurant-london-may-day/|title=Photos: Jonathan, kids patronise Nigerian restaurant in London on May Day|work=]|date=2 May 2016|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
=== Wealth === | |||
In 2007, Jonathan declared his assets worth a total of ]295,304,420 (then equivalent to US$8,569,662).<ref name="Profiles22" /> | |||
== Honours == | |||
===National honours=== | |||
*{{flag|Nigeria}}: | |||
**] Grand Commander of the ] '''(GCFR)''' | |||
**] Grand Commander of the ] '''(GCON)''' | |||
===Foreign honours=== | |||
*{{flag|Namibia}}: | |||
**] First Class of the ] (22 March 2014)<ref>{{cite tweet|number=447212629182795776|user=renoomokri|title=President Jonathan being decorated as Grand Commander of Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis, 1st Class.<!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. --> |date=22 March 2014}}</ref> | |||
===Other honours=== | |||
*In 2013, Jonathan was awarded the ] title of the '''Se lolia I''' of Wakirike Bese. His wife, Patience Jonathan, also received a title of her own during the same ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.informationng.com/2013/11/jonathan-wife-conferred-with-chieftaincy-titles.html/amp|title=Jonathan, Wife Conferred With Chieftaincy Titles|date=1 November 2013|work=Information Nigeria|access-date=29 February 2020|location=Nigeria}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* |
*Ayoade, John A., and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. ''Nigeria's Critical Election, 2011'' (Lexington Books; 2012) | ||
==External links== | |||
{{commons category}} | |||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
*{{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20150211192237/http://goodluck.org.ng/}} | |||
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Jonathan, Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe | |||
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Nigerian politician; 14th President of Nigeria | |||
| DATE OF BIRTH = 20 November 1957 | |||
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Latest revision as of 18:16, 16 January 2025
President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015
His ExcellencyGoodluck JonathanGCFR GCON | |
---|---|
Jonathan at the World Economic Forum in 2013 | |
14th President of Nigeria | |
In office 6 May 2010 – 29 May 2015 Acting: 9 February 2010 – 6 May 2010 | |
Vice President | Namadi Sambo |
Preceded by | Umaru Yar'Adua |
Succeeded by | Muhammadu Buhari |
12th Vice President of Nigeria | |
In office 29 May 2007 – 6 May 2010 | |
President | Umaru Yar'Adua |
Preceded by | Atiku Abubakar |
Succeeded by | Namadi Sambo |
6th Governor of Bayelsa | |
In office 9 December 2005 – 29 May 2007 | |
Preceded by | Diepreye Alamieyeseigha |
Succeeded by | Timipre Sylva |
Deputy Governor of Bayelsa | |
In office 29 May 1999 – 9 December 2005 | |
Governor | Diepreye Alamieyeseigha |
Personal details | |
Born | Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan (1957-11-20) 20 November 1957 (age 67) Ogbia, Eastern Region, British Nigeria (now Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria) |
Political party | Peoples Democratic Party |
Spouse | Patience Jonathan |
Children | 2 |
Education | Doctor of Philosophy degree in Zoology |
Alma mater | University of Port Harcourt |
Occupation | Politician |
Website | gej |
Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan GCFR GCON (born 20 November 1957) is a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari and was the first incumbent president in Nigerian history to concede defeat in an election, thus allowing for a peaceful transition of power.
Previously, Jonathan served as the vice president of Nigeria from 2007 to 2010 under the administration of Umaru Musa Yar'Adua; and in oil-rich Bayelsa State as governor from 2005 to 2007, and deputy governor from 1999 to 2005.
Early life and education
Goodluck Jonathan was born on 20 November 1957 in Ogbia to a Christian Ijaw family of canoe makers, in Otuoke, Bayelsa State. His father, Lawrence Ebele Jonathan, was a canoe maker and his mother, Eunice Ayi Ebele Jonathan, was a retired farmer. He attended a Christian primary and secondary school.
Jonathan received a bachelor's degree in zoology (second-class honours), a master's degree in hydrobiology and fisheries biology; and a doctorate in zoology from the University of Port Harcourt. During his time in the university, he taught at Rivers State College of Education from 1983 to 1993.
Pre-presidency (1998–2010)
Before entering into politics in 1998, Jonathan worked as an education inspector, a lecturer and an environmental-protection officer. His political career began when he became involved with the nascent People's Democratic Party (PDP) in the late 1990s. Jonathan entered into politics when General Sani Abacha, who ruled as military head of state of Nigeria from 1993 to 1998, died in office.
In the 1999 Bayelsa State gubernatorial election, Diepreye Alamieyeseigha ran for governor under the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party and chose Jonathan as his running mate. Alaimeyeseigha won the election and became the first civilian governor of Bayelsa State in May 1999. They were reelected in 2003 and Jonathan's diligence and loyalty to him earned him the recognition as Nigeria's most hardworking deputy governor.
Governorship
On 29 May 1999, Jonathan was sworn in as deputy governor of Bayelsa alongside Diepreye Alamieyeseigha who came in as the governor of the state on the platform of PDP. Jonathan served as Deputy Governor until December 2005. On 9 December 2005, Jonathan, who was the deputy governor at the time, was sworn in as the governor of Bayelsa State upon the impeachment of governor Diepreye Alamieyeseigha by the Bayelsa State Assembly after being charged with money laundering in the United Kingdom.
Vice-presidency (2007–2010)
As Vice President, Jonathan took a very low profile. While recognising the constitutional limits of the Vice President's office, he participated in cabinet meetings and, by statute, was a member of the National Security Council, the National Defence Council, the Federal Executive Council and chairman of the National Economic Council.
Order of succession
Jonathan was named Acting President of Nigeria on 9 February 2010, following a controversial doctrine of necessity from the Senate of Nigeria due to President Yar'Adua's trip to Saudi Arabia in November 2009 for medical treatment. On 10 February 2010, his first day as acting president, Jonathan announced a minor cabinet reshuffle.
In accordance with the order of succession in the Nigerian constitution, following President Yar'Adua's death on 5 May 2010, Jonathan, as Acting President, was sworn in as the substantive president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on 6 May 2010. On 18 May 2010, the National Assembly approved Jonathan's nomination of Kaduna State Governor Namadi Sambo, to replace him as vice president. For the general election in 2011, Jonathan and Vice President Sambo attended political events and travelled the country to campaign for the nation's highest office.
A year later, on 29 May 2011, he was sworn in as the President of Nigeria and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State. He gave his inauguration address where he declared his government was to focus on a Transformation Agenda and promised to continue implementing the seven-point agenda policy framework of President Yar'Adua. He cited anti-corruption, power and electoral reforms as focuses of his administration. He stated that he came to office under "very sad and unusual circumstances".
Presidency (2010–2015)
Main article: Presidency of Goodluck JonathanEconomics
Under Jonathan's administration, Nigeria rebased its gross domestic product for the first time in over a decade, becoming the largest economy in Africa by overtaking South Africa and Egypt.
The Jonathan administration accrued over US$454 billion while in office from oil revenue. Jonathan previously served as an assistant director at the Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development commission between 1993 and 1998.
The Jonathan administration oversaw the construction of new railways in the country, including the Abuja-Kaduna railway, and conceptualized high-speed rail projects. It also managed the construction and beautification of several federal roads, including the Lagos-Benin Expressway, Abuja-Lokoja Expressway, Enugu-Abakiliki Expressway, Onitsha-Owerri Highway, and most parts of the Enugu-Port Harcourt Expressway. His administration also oversaw the construction of the second Niger Bridge between Onitsha and Asaba, which helped relieve the pressure on the old 1965 Niger Bridge, as well as the construction of airports across the country. The Akanu Ibiam Airport in Enugu was upgraded to an international airport, directly connecting the South-East region to the outside world for the first time since independence.
On 2 August 2010, Jonathan launched his 'Roadmap for Power Sector Reform'. Its primary goal was to achieve stable electricity supply in Nigeria. The Power Holding Company of Nigeria, which acted as the nation's electricity provider, was broken up into 15 firms, with Nigeria handing over control of state electricity assets to 15 private bidding companies. The Nigerian government contracted for the services of CPCS Transcom Limited, a Canada-based consulting firm specialising in transportation and energy infrastructure projects, to act as the transaction adviser for the handover of state electricity assets.
Historically, the Nigerian power sector has been plagued by blackouts, mainly due to poor maintenance, theft, and a lack of government oversight rooted in corruption. Economists estimate that power outages have cost Nigeria, Africa's biggest economy, billions of dollars in imported diesel for generators and lost output. In a study conducted by the World Bank, a lack of access to financing and electricity were cited as Nigeria's main obstacles to development, surpassing corruption.
Finances
Jonathan suspended Sanusi Lamido Sanusi as governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria after a series of public investigations and raising the alarm on the US$20 billion NNPC scandal in a leaked letter which revealed that the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation failed to account for US$48.9 billion of government oil revenue to the central bank – the NNPC has a history of financial irregularities and oversees the corrupt petroleum industry in Nigeria. Sanusi would go on to reveal the extent of financial recklessness that Nigeria lost a billion dollars a month to diversion of public funds under the Jonathan administration, with oil minister Diezani Alison-Madueke diverting $6 billion (₦1.2 trillion) from the Nigerian treasury.
In addition, Jonathan was alleged to have personally ordered over ₦3 trillion ($15 billion) from the Central Bank of Nigeria to support his election and other self-serving projects under the guise of an intervention fund for national security. Charles Soludo, a professor of economics and former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, equated Jonathan's financial recklessness to that of former Ugandan president Idi Amin. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, an economist and former Finance Minister of Nigeria, pegged Jonathan's administration as the main cause of Nigeria's economic woes in a lecture at George Washington University, although she later denied it.
Corruption
Main article: $2 billion arms dealJonathan's government has largely been described as corrupt. According to The Economist, corruption flourished under the Jonathan administration, "who let politicians and their cronies fill their pockets with impunity." Large sums of money have been used improperly multiple times, with ₦3.98 trillion (US$20 billion) allegedly going missing and ₦398 billion ($2 billion) of military funds allegedly dispersed amongst high-ranking officials. In 2006, reports released by Wikileaks claimed that Jonathan's wife, Patience Jonathan, was indicted for money-laundering by Nigeria's anti-crime agency, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC).
Foreign affairs
During Jonathan's administration, Nigeria's foreign policy was reviewed to reflect a "citizen-focused" approach, designed to "accord this vision of defending the dignity of humanity the highest priority" and connect foreign policy to domestic policy, while placing a greater emphasis on economic diplomacy.
National issues
2010 Nigerian lead poisoning incident
In January 2013, Jonathan reportedly promised $4 million to assist in cleaning up villages that have been affected by a lead poisoning incident. Over 400 children died and Human Rights Watch said that releasing the funds "could be lifesaving for countless children."
2012 Occupy Nigeria protests
Main article: Occupy NigeriaOn 1 January 2012, the Jonathan administration announced the start of a controversial plan to end fuel subsidies. Following the Nigeria Labour Congress' warning that the country faces many strikes, the country unions followed up with strikes that were matched with civil protests from 9–13 January 2012. Protesters and groups called for Jonathan to resign over the removal of fuel subsidies. After five days of national protests and strikes, on 16 January, Jonathan announced that the pump price of petroleum would be 97 naira per litre compared to a post-subsidy level of 147 naira.
In 2012, upon the partial removal of petrol subsidies, the Jonathan administration instituted a subsidy re-investment programme designed to spend the money saved from partial petrol price deregulation on physical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, etc., across the country. The Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program (SURE-P) was also intended to improve maternal health and reduce maternal mortality.
The government followed the advice of international experts who claimed the fuel subsidy (which cost $8 billion per year, or 25% of the annual government budget) was unsustainable. The Brookings Institution, a think tank, praised the government's move, arguing that the subsidy crowded out other development spending, such as education, and discouraged investment in the country's economic lifeblood: the oil sector. In his book My Transition Hours, Goodluck Jonathan stated that the subsidy was consuming too much of the nations revenues and that the public believed the sector was highly corrupt. He mentioned that the Minister of Finance Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, briefed him on the corrupt practices uncovered by a technical committee she has assembled. Jonathan expressed alarm that billions of naira were being lost by the nation due to the subsidy regime.
Many prominent Nigerians spoke out against the removal of the subsidy. Former Petroleum Minister Professor Tam David-West expressed concern that the planned removal of the fuel subsidy will squeeze the economy, increase inflation, and hurt both businesses and the public. A former military Head of State who was also a former Minister for Petroleum & Natural Resources, General Muhammadu Buhari, urged Jonathan not to remove the fuel subsidy and to tackle corruption. Yakubu Gowon, another former military Head of State, warned the government that the country's infrastructure should be revived before fuel subsidy removal steps were taken. Former military president Gen. Ibrahim Babangida, joined millions of Nigerians protesting against the removal of the fuel subsidy by the Jonathan administration, saying that the action is ill-timed.
2014 National Conference
Further information: 2014 National Conference, NigeriaIn March 2014, President Jonathan inaugurated the 2014 National Conference. The conference was the first of its kind since the 2005 political reform conference, it had 492 delegates that debated on key socio-political national issues impeding national development.
2014 Ebola outbreak
Further information: Ebola in NigeriaOn 20 July 2014, Patrick Sawyer, a Liberian-American, flew from Monrovia to Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos, with a stopover at Lomé, Togo. He was subsequently described as having appeared to be "terribly ill" when he left Monrovia. Sawyer became violently ill upon arriving at the airport and died five days later. In response, the Nigerian government observed all of Sawyer's contacts for signs of infection and increased surveillance at all entry points to the country.
On 6 August 2014, the Nigerian health minister told reporters: "Yesterday, the first known Nigerian to die of Ebola was recorded. This was one of the nurses that attended to the Liberian. The other five newly confirmed cases are being treated at an isolation ward." The doctor who treated Sawyer, Ameyo Adadevoh, subsequently also died of Ebola. On 22 September 2014, the Nigeria ministry of health announced: "As of today, there is no case of Ebola in Nigeria. All listed contacts who were under surveillance have been followed up for 21 days. "According to the WHO, 20 cases and 8 deaths had been confirmed, along with the imported case, who also died. Four of the dead were health care workers who had cared for Sawyer. In all, 529 contacts had been followed and of that date they had all completed a 21-day mandatory period of surveillance.
2014 Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act
In January 2014, Jonathan signed into law the Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act after it was passed by the Senate and House of Representatives. The law prohibits gay relationships, membership and other involvement in gay societies and organisations and gay marriages. The bill came after international polls showed that 98% of Nigerians did not think homosexuality should be accepted by society, the highest percentage of any country surveyed. Penalties can be up to 14 years in prison for gay marriages and up to 10 years for other violations of the law. Within a short period, the federal police department compiled a list of 168 gay people who would subsequently be jailed. Within days 38 lesbian and gay people had been jailed, with arrests beginning during Christmas. The anti-LGBT bill stipulates that those who withhold the details of LGBT individuals face prison terms of up to five years. His decision and the law itself have been described as controversial, but according to a poll, 92% of Nigerians supported the ban.
Security issues
Jonathan's administration was heavily criticized for its failure to tackle insecurity. The first major challenge was the October 2010 Independence Day bombing. Okah told the court that President Jonathan and his aides organised the attacks in Abuja in a desperate political strategy to demonise political opponents, including former military head of state General Ibrahim Babangida, and to win popular sympathy ahead of the elections.
2011
On 29 May 2011, a few hours after Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as president, several bombings purportedly by Boko Haram killed 15 and injured 55. On 16 June 2011, Boko Haram claimed to have conducted the Abuja police headquarters bombing, the first known suicide attack in Nigeria. Two months later the United Nations building in Abuja was bombed, signifying the first time that Boko Haram attacked an international organisation. In December 2011, it carried out attacks in Damaturu killing over a hundred people, subsequently clashing with security forces in December, resulting in at least 68 deaths. Two days later on Christmas Day, Boko Haram attacked several Christian churches with bomb blasts and shootings.
2012
Following the January 2012 Northern Nigeria attacks, which left over hundreds of casualties, Abubakar Shekau, a former deputy of Mohammed Yusuf, appeared in a video posted on YouTube. According to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after the death of Yusuf in 2009. Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the violence in 2009. By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths. On 8 March 2012, a small Special Boat Service team and the Nigerian Army attempted to rescue two hostages, Chris McManus and Franco Lamolinara, being held in Nigeria by members of the Boko Haram terrorist organisation loyal to al-Qaeda. The two hostages were killed before or during the rescue attempt. All the hostage takers were reportedly killed.
2013
On 18 March, a bus station was bombed in Kano, with several casualties. In May 2013, Nigerian government forces launched an offensive in the Borno region in an attempt to dislodge Boko Haram fighters after a state of emergency was called on 14 May 2013. The state of emergency, applied to the states of Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa in northeastern Nigeria. The offensive had initial success, but the Boko Haram rebels were able to regain their strength. Although initially offering amnesty, by June 2013 he ordered a 20-year jail term for anyone found to be in support of Boko Haram. In July 2013, Boko Haram massacred 42 students in Yobe, bringing the school year to an early end in the state. On 5 August 2013, Boko Haram launched dual attacks on Bama and Malam Fatori, leaving 35 dead.
2014
On 16 January 2014, it was reported that Jonathan had sacked his military high command in response to their inability to end the Islamist-led insurgency in Northern Nigeria. On 14 April, over 200 schoolgirls in Chibok were kidnapped. A few weeks later in May, a terrorist offensive was launched against the military in Chibok. Many demonstrations called for the government to be more responsive; Jonathan asked that demonstrators focus on blaming Boko Haram itself for the abductions. Jonathan initially denied that there had been any abduction at all, but then later signaled his government would do a prisoner release in exchange for the kidnapped girls. Discussions then took place in Paris with foreign ministers from France, Britain, the United States and Israel, where he agreed no deals should be struck with terrorists. He then called off the exchange at the last minute on 24 May 2014. This reportedly enraged Boko Haram leaders.
In May 2014, two bombs exploded in Jos, resulting in the deaths of at least 118 people and the injury or over 56 others. During the June 2014 Northern Nigeria attacks, a plaza in the capital city was bombed and hundreds of villagers attacked in a two-day killing spree in Kaduna. In November, Boko Haram bombed the city of Kano, attempting to assassinate the Emir Muhammadu Sanusi II. Starting in late 2014, Boko Haram militants attacked several Nigerian towns in the North and captured them. This prompted the Nigerian government to launch an offensive, and with the help of Chad, Niger, and Cameroon, they have recaptured many areas that were formerly under the control of Boko Haram. In late 2014, Boko Haram seized control of Bama, according to the town's residents. In December 2014, it was reported that "people too elderly to flee Gwoza Local Government Area were being rounded up and taken to two schools where the militants opened fire on them." Over 50 elderly people in Bama were killed. A "gory" video was released of insurgents shooting over a hundred civilians in a school dormitory in the town of Bama.
2015
Between 3 and 7 January 2015, Boko Haram attacked the town of Baga and killed up to 2,000 people, perhaps the largest massacre by Boko Haram. On 10 January 2015, a bomb attack took place at the Monday Market in Maiduguri, killing 19 people. The city is considered to be at the heart of the Boko Haram insurgency. In the early hours of 25 January 2015, Boko Haram launched a major assault on the city. On 26 January 2015 CNN reported that the attack on Maiduguri by "hundreds of gunmen" had been repelled, but the nearby town of Monguno was captured by Boko Haram. The Nigerian Army claimed to have successfully repelled another attack on Maiduguri on 31 January 2015. Starting in late January 2015, a coalition of military forces from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger began a counter-insurgency campaign against Boko Haram. On 4 February 2015, the Chad Army killed over 200 Boko Haram militants. Soon afterwards, Boko Haram launched an attack on the Cameroonian town of Fotokol, killing 81 civilians, 13 Chadian soldiers and 6 Cameroonian soldiers.
On 17 February 2015 the Nigerian military retook Monguno in a coordinated air and ground assault. On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account. Nigerian army spokesperson Sami Usman Kukasheka said the pledge was a sign of weakness and that Shekau was like a "drowning man". That same day, five suicide bomb blasts left 54 dead and 143 wounded. On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani released an audiotape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate to West Africa. Following its declaration of loyalty to ISIL, Boko Haram was designated as the group's "West Africa Province" (Islamic State West Africa Province, or ISWAP) while Shekau was appointed as its first vali (governor). Furthermore, ISIL started to support Boko Haram, but also began to interfere in its internal matters. For example, ISIL's central leadership attempted to reduce Boko Haram's brutality toward civilians and internal critics, as Shekau's ideology was "too extreme even for the Islamic State".
On 24 March 2015, residents of Damasak, Nigeria said that Boko Haram had taken more than 400 women and children from the town as they fled from coalition forces. On 27 March 2015, the Nigerian army captured Gwoza, which was believed to be the location of Boko Haram headquarters. On election day, 28 March 2015, Boko Haram extremists killed 41 people, including a legislator, to discourage hundreds from voting. Niger Army soldiers during counter-insurgency operations against Boko Haram in March 2015. In March 2015, Boko Haram lost control of the Northern Nigerian towns of Bama and Gwoza (believed to be their headquarters) to the Nigerian Army. The Nigerian authorities said that they had taken back 11 of the 14 districts previously controlled by Boko Haram. In April 2016, four Boko Haram camps in the Sambisa Forest were overrun by the Nigerian military who freed nearly 300 females. Boko Haram forces were believed to have retreated to the Mandara Mountains, along the Cameroon–Nigeria border. On 16 March 2015, the Nigerian army said that it had recaptured Bama. On 27 March 2015, the day before the Nigerian presidential election, the Nigerian Army announced that it had recaptured the town of Gwoza from Boko Haram.
By April 2015, the Nigerian military was reported to have retaken most of the areas previously controlled by Boko Haram in Northeastern Nigeria, except for the Sambisa Forest. In May 2015, the Nigerian military announced that they had released about 700 women from camps in Sambisa Forest.
2015 election
Main article: 2015 Nigerian presidential electionJonathan believed the APC's popularity was inflated, having made his view clear in an interview with The Cable, Nigeria's Independent Online Newspaper in 2015—just two days to the general elections. Jonathan said "I don't think Nigerians will make the mistake of voting for Buhari. Gen. Buhari, with due respect, is not the right option for Nigeria at this time. It is a gamble that is not worth taking. I may not be perfect as nobody is perfect. But I believe that come Saturday, the majority of Nigerian voters will choose me as the best candidate to lead the nation forward."
On 31 March 2015, Jonathan conceded the election to challenger Muhammadu Buhari, who was sworn in to succeed him on 29 May 2015. Jonathan said in a statement he issued on 31 March 2015 that "Nobody's ambition is worth the blood of any Nigerian."
Post-presidency (2015–present)
Since leaving office, Jonathan has continued to defend his administration. In 2019, he was appointed as the honorary special advisor to the Bayelsa Education Trust Fund board. In June 2019, Goodluck Jonathan was named chairperson of the newly inaugurated International Summit Council for Peace. In July 2020, Jonathan was appointed special envoy of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to lead mediation talks during the 2020 Malian protests.
2023 election
It was alleged that Jonathan had expressed interest to stand for the 2023 Nigerian presidential election under the All Progressives Congress (APC). To achieve this, the APC primary nomination form was picked up for him by an unknown political group.
Nothing was later heard of it, as Jonathan never appeared for screening at the APC Secretariat. Former Lagos State governor, Bola Tinubu, emerged the APC candidate at a primary election conducted on 8 June 2022, defeating then-vice president Prof. Yemi Osinbajo and a host of other aspirants.
2023 Zimbabwean general election
In 2023, Jonathan was appointed head of delegation for the African Union and COMESA in the 2023 Zimbabwean general election. On Friday, 25 August 2023, he addressed a press briefing giving Zimbabwe's electoral authority poor ratings. This was in harmony with similar findings by the SADC and SEAM delivered earlier in the same press briefing.
Personal life
Image
Jonathan is known for sporting his trademark fedora that is commonly worn by inhabitants of the Niger Delta.
Family
Jonathan and his wife, Patience Jonathan, have two children.
Wealth
In 2007, Jonathan declared his assets worth a total of ₦295,304,420 (then equivalent to US$8,569,662).
Honours
National honours
- Nigeria:
- Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR)
- Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON)
Foreign honours
- Namibia:
- First Class of the Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia mirabilis (22 March 2014)
Other honours
- In 2013, Jonathan was awarded the chieftaincy title of the Se lolia I of Wakirike Bese. His wife, Patience Jonathan, also received a title of her own during the same ceremony.
See also
References
- ^ Heyford, Lawson (11 December 2006). "Jonathan: A Colossus at 49". The Source. Vol. 20, no. 10. Lagos: Summit Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Goodluck Jonathan". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ Siollun, Max (1 April 2015). "How Goodluck Jonathan lost the Nigerian election". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- "Goodluck Jonathan: from poor boy to accidental president". The Guardian. 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- "Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan, profile of a defeated president". BBC News. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- Profile: Goodluck Jonathan Archived 18 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera.net.
- "Biography". Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- Buari, Jasmine (22 January 2015). "Obasanjo Speaks On Buhari's Certificate Saga". Legit.ng. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
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Further reading
- Ayoade, John A., and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. Nigeria's Critical Election, 2011 (Lexington Books; 2012)
External links
Political offices | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded byDiepreye Alamieyeseigha | Governor of Bayelsa State 2005–2007 |
Succeeded byTimipre Sylva |
Preceded byAtiku Abubakar | Vice President of Nigeria 2007–2010 |
Succeeded byNamadi Sambo |
Preceded byUmaru Yar'Adua | President of Nigeria 2010–2015 |
Succeeded byMuhammadu Buhari |
Diplomatic posts | ||
Preceded byUmaru Yar'Adua | Chairperson of the Economic Community of West African States 2010–12 |
Succeeded byAlassane Ouattara |
Party political offices | ||
Preceded byUmaru Yar'Adua | People's Democratic Party nominee for President of Nigeria 2011, 2015 |
Succeeded byAtiku Abubakar |
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- Goodluck Jonathan
- 1957 births
- Candidates in the 2015 Nigerian general election
- Governors of Bayelsa State
- Ijaw people
- Living people
- Nigerian Christians
- Nigerian zoologists
- People from Bayelsa State
- Peoples Democratic Party presidents of Nigeria
- Presidents of Nigeria
- University of Port Harcourt alumni
- Vice presidents of Nigeria
- Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2011
- Peoples Democratic Party state governors of Nigeria
- Peoples Democratic Party vice presidents of Nigeria
- 21st-century Nigerian politicians
- Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic
- Grand Commanders of the Order of the Niger
- Recipients of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia
- Academic staff of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education