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{{Short description|Branch of anarchism supporting revolutionary industrial unionism}} {{Short description|Anarchist organisational model for trade unions}}
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'''Anarcho-syndicalism''' is a ] and ] that views ] or ] as a method for workers in ] to gain control of an economy and thus control influence in broader society. The end goal of syndicalism is to abolish the ], regarding it as ]. Anarcho-syndicalist theory generally focuses on the ].<ref>Jeremy Jennings, ''Syndicalism in France'' (St Martin's Press, 1990) {{ISBN|031204027X}}</ref> Reflecting the anarchist philosophy from which it draws its primary inspiration, anarcho-syndicalism is centred on the idea that ] corrupts and that any ] that cannot be ethically justified must be dismantled.<ref name="anarcho-syndicalism101"/>
'''Anarcho-syndicalism''' is an ] organisational model that centres ]s as a vehicle for ]. Drawing from the theory of ] and the practice of ], anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both a means to achieve immediate improvements to working conditions and to build towards a ] in the form of a ], with the ultimate aim of abolishing the ] and ]. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the ] of a ] and seek to use them in order to establish ] of ] and ]. An ] ideology, anarcho-syndicalism rejects ] and participation in ], considering them to be a corrupting influence on the ]. In order to achieve their material and economic goals, anarcho-syndicalists instead practice ] in the form of ]s, ]s and ]. Anarcho-syndicalists also attempt to build ] among the ], in order to unite workers against the ] and build ].


The foundations of anarcho-syndicalism were laid by the anti-authoritarian faction of the ] (IWMA) and developed by the French ] (CGT). Anarcho-syndicalism was constituted as a specific tendency following the ], which led to anarcho-syndicalism becoming the dominant form of trade union organisation in ] and ]. After facing suppression during the ], anarcho-syndicalists established the ] (IWA). Anarcho-syndicalism reached its apex during the ], when the ] (CNT) established an anarcho-syndicalist economy throughout much of the ]. Anarcho-syndicalism went into decline after the defeat of the anarchists in the ]. The movement split into two factions: the "orthodox" faction, which held to traditional syndicalist principles in spite of changing material conditions; and the "revisionist" faction, which aimed to achieve a ] and work within the framework of newly-established ]s. By the end of the 20th century, the rise of ] and the collapse of the ] had led to a revival in anarcho-syndicalism, with syndicalist unions once again being established throughout the globe.
The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are ], ] (action undertaken without the intervention of third parties such as politicians, bureaucrats and arbitrators), and ] or ]. Anarcho-syndicalists believe their economic theories constitute a strategy for facilitating ] self-activity and creating an alternative ] economic system with democratic values and production centred on meeting human needs. Anarcho-syndicalists perceive the primary purpose of the state as the defence of ] in the forms of ] and thereby of economic, social and political privilege. In maintaining this '']'', the state denies most of its citizens the ability to enjoy material independence and the social autonomy that springs from it.<ref name="anarcho-syndicalism101">{{cite web|title=1c. Why do anarcho-syndicalists oppose participation in statist politics?|url=http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/faq/1c.htm|date=April 2002|work=Anarcho-Syndicalism 101. Class Struggle Online|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618075029/http://www.anarchosyndicalism.net/faq/1c.htm|archive-date=18 June 2013|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>


== History == == History ==
{{Main|History of anarcho-syndicalism}}
=== Origins === === Origins ===
The history of anarcho-syndicalism can be traced back to the ] of the ] (IWA), which called for ]s to overthrow the ] in a ].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=5|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010a|2pp=xxxvi-xxxvii|3a1=Thorpe|3y=1989|3pp=2-14|4a1=van der Walt|4a2=Schmidt|4y=2009|4pp=153-155}} This syndicalist model of trade union organisation was adopted by anarchists in ], ], ] and the ], where syndicalism became the dominant organisational form.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=155-157}} Elsewhere, the development of ] such as ] sidelined anarchists within trade unions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=5-7|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2pp=157-158}} But tensions between rank-and-file trade unionists and their social-democratic leadership eventually gave way to the development of ], which called for workers themselves to take ] in order to improve their own material conditions.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=7}}
] was established]]
{{anarchism sidebar|dual power}}
{{syndicalism sidebar|variants}}
] wrote that ] laid out fundamental ideas of anarcho-syndicalism and repudiated both capitalism and the state in the process since he viewed free economic groups and struggle, not pacifism, as dominant in humans.<ref>Jameson, J. F., ''The American Historical Review'' (American Historical Association, 1895), p. 731.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2023}}


===Growth of syndicalism===
In September 1903 and March 1904, ] published in Britain two issues of a short-lived newspaper called ''The General Strike,'' a publication that criticised of the "officialism" of union bureaucracy and publicised strikes in Europe making use of ] tactics.<ref> ''Direct Action'' #47, 11 August 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2010.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2023}}
]'' in ], {{circa|1900}}]]
Revolutionary syndicalism was first propagated in ], where the '']'' ({{langx|en|Labour Exchanges}}) were established to provide ] to workers and organise strike actions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=13-14|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=132-134}} By the 20th century, the ''bourses'' had joined together to establish the ] (CGT),{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=15-16|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=132-133|3a1=Thorpe|3y=1989|3p=25}} which rose to include 60% of French workers within its ranks.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=15-16|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2p=26}} But after the CGT launched a general strike, which won French workers the ] and the ], the union turned away from revolutionary syndicalism towards reformism.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=16-17}} However, by this time, revolutionary syndicalism had already spread throughout Europe, with syndicalist unions being established in the ], ], ], ] and ].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=17-20|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=38-48}} The concurrent development of ] led to the establishment of the ] (IWW) in countries throughout the ].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=20-22|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=135-137}} By the 1910s, syndicalism had spread throughout every country in Europe and anarchist tendencies started to develop within the movement.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=22}}


===Development of anarcho-syndicalism===
=== International Workers' Association ===
] (FORA) in 1915]]
In 1910, the {{lang|es-ES|]}} (CNT) was founded in the middle of the restoration in Barcelona in a congress of the ] trade union {{lang|es-ES|]}} (Workers' Solidarity) to constitute an opposing force to the then-majority trade union, the socialist {{lang|es-ES|]}} (UGT) and "to speed up the economic emancipation of the working class through the revolutionary ] of the bourgeoisie". The CNT started small, counting 26,571 members represented through several trade unions and other confederations.{{Sfn|Heywood|1989|p=261}} In 1911, coinciding with its first congress, the CNT initiated a general strike that provoked a Barcelona judge to declare the union illegal until 1914. Also, in 1911, the trade union adopted its name formally.{{Sfn|Heywood|1989|p=261}} From 1918 on, the CNT grew more substantial and had an outstanding role in the events of the ], which paralyzed 70% of the industry in Catalonia in 1919, the year the CNT reached a membership of 700,000.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2006|p=13}}</ref> Around that time, panic spread among employers, giving rise to the practice of {{lang|es-ES|]}} (employing thugs to intimidate active unionists), causing a spiral of violence that significantly affected the trade union. These {{lang|es-ES|pistoleros}} are credited with killing 21 union leaders in 48 hours.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2006|p=15}}</ref>
Although anarchists widely participated in the syndicalist movement, syndicalists were divided into separate tendencies, many of which rejected the ideological prescriptions of anarchism.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=24-30}} At the ], convened by the anarcho-syndicalist ] in 1907, a conflict between the two tendencies broke out; while the syndicalist ] and the anarchist ] debated their respective ideologies, ] attempted to synthesise the two into a "workers' anarchism".{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=30-32|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=31-32}} Anarcho-syndicalism soon became the dominant form of trade union organisation in ], ], ], ], ], ] and many other Latin American countries, where anarcho-syndicalists organised a series of general strikes for the eight-hour day.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=33-37}} Attempts to establish international links between these anarcho-syndicalist organisations culminated in the convocation of a revolutionary syndicalist congress in 1913, although further movements towards the creation of an international organisation were halted by the outbreak of world war.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=37-41|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=31-83}}


===War and Revolution===
]]]
], {{Circa|1920}}]]
In 1922, the ] (IWA) was founded in Berlin, and the CNT joined immediately, but with the rise of ]'s dictatorship, the labour union was outlawed again the following year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2006|p=17}}</ref> However, with the workers' movement resurgent following the ], what was to become the modern IWA was formed, billing itself as the "true heir" of the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thorpe|first=Wayne|year=1989|title=The Workers Themselves|title-link=The Workers Themselves|publisher=]|isbn=0-7923-0276-1|lccn=89-8205}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2023}} The successful ]-led revolution of 1917 in Russia was mirrored by a wave of syndicalist successes worldwide, including the struggle of the ] (IWW) in the United States alongside the creation of mass anarchist unions across Latin America and massive syndicalist-led strikes in Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy and France, where it was noted that "neutral (economic, but not political) syndicalism had been swept away".{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=42-47}} The final formation of this new international, then known as the International Workingmen's Association, took place at an illegal conference in Berlin in December 1922, marking an irrevocable break between the international syndicalist movement and the Bolsheviks.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=82-84}} The IWA included the ] (500,000 members), the ] (200,000 members), the General Confederation of Workers in Portugal (150,000 members), the ] (120,000 members), the Committee for the Defense of Revolutionary Syndicalism in France (100,000 members), the {{lang|fr-FR|Federation du Combattant}} from Paris (32,000 members), the ] (32,000 members), the ] of the Netherlands (22,500 members), the Industrial Workers of the World in Chile (20,000 members) and the Union for Syndicalist Propaganda in Denmark (600 members).<ref name="libcom">{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/history/international-workers-association|title=1860-today: The International Workers Association|year=2006|publisher=Libcom.org|access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is a self-published blogpost on Libcom.org that appears to have copy-pasted sections from Misplaced Pages|date=January 2023}}
The outbreak of ] split anarcho-syndicalists into ]; the former declared themselves against both sides of the war, while the latter supported the ] against the ].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=42|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=88-90}} The conflict ultimately demonstrated the inability of the international syndicalist movement to prevent war and discredited "neutral syndicalism" in the eyes of many workers, causing revolutionary sentiments to once again begin rising within the workers' movement.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=46}} When the ] spread throughout Europe, anarcho-syndicalists became keen participants in the revolutionary wave, during which they faced rising political repression.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=46-47|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=106-116}} Anarcho-syndicalists in Europe, Latin America and Asia organised general strikes, sometimes reaching revolutionary proportions, but were ultimately suppressed by nationalist or communist dictatorships.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=47-63}}


=== Apex ===
The first secretaries of the International included the famed writer and activist ], along with ] and ]. Following the first congress, other groups from France, Austria, Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Poland, and Romania were affiliated. Later, a bloc of unions in the United States, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Cuba, Costa Rica and El Salvador also shared the IWA's statutes. The IWW, biggest syndicalist union in the United States, considered joining but eventually ruled out affiliation in 1936 based on the IWA's religious and political affiliation policies.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Fred W.|last2=Murfin|first2=Patrick|year=1976|title=The I.W.W.: Its First Seventy Years, 1905-1975|url=https://archive.org/details/iwwitsfirstseven0000thom|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=0-917124-04-9|lccn=75-27589}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2023}} Although ], the IWW was informed by developments in the broader revolutionary syndicalist milieu at the turn of the 20th century. At its founding congress in 1905, influential members with strong anarchist or anarcho-syndicalist sympathies like ], ] and ] contributed to the union's overall revolutionary syndicalist orientation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salerno|first=Salvatore|year=1989|title=Red November, Black November: Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NphO5p1hsbEC|publisher=]|pp=69–90|ISBN=0-7914-0089-1|lccn=88-39378}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2023}} Although the terms anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism are often used interchangeably, the anarcho-syndicalist label was not widely used until the early 1920s: "The term 'anarcho-syndicalist' only came into wide use in 1921–1922 when it was applied polemically as a pejorative term by communists to any syndicalists…who opposed increased control of syndicalism by the communist parties".<ref>{{cite book|last=Berry|first=David|year=2002|title=A History of the French Anarchist Movement, 1917–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7HaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=]|p=134|ISBN=0-313-32026-8}}</ref> Depending on the translation, the original statement of aims and principles of the IWA (drafted in 1922) refers not to anarcho-syndicalism but revolutionary syndicalism or revolutionary unionism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://syndicalist.us/about/asrs-mission/|title=ASR’s Mission|website=]|issn=1069-1995|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwa-ait.org/content/statutes|title=Statutes of the International Workers' Association, IWA|website=]|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=Both of these cited sources are the IWA statutes themselves. Any commentary needs a secondary source for verification.|date=January 2023}}
] on a barricade during the ]]]
Following the suppression of their movements and the rising influence of ] throughout the world, anarcho-syndicalists moved to establish their own international organisation: the ] (IWA).{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=64-93}} Theoretical discussions within the IWA led to debates on the issues of ], ], ] and ], while the Spanish ] (CNT) rose to prominence in the ].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=94-118}} With the outbreak of the ], the CNT led the defeat of the ] in ], where they ignited an ] that ] three-quarters of the Republican economy. The CNT's decision to join the Republican government caused controversy within the IWA and the social revolution was eventually suppressed by the government. The Republicans ultimately lost the war and the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists were imprisoned, killed or forced into exile by the victorious ].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=119-184}}


===Post-war decline===
]]]
] (SAC), marching on May Day in ]]]
The '']'' (English: "Red Biennium") was a two-year period between 1919 and 1920 of intense social conflict in Italy following ].<ref name="Dallacasa">{{cite book|last=Dalla Casa|first=Brunella|year=1982|chapter=Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna|title=Bologna 1920: le origini del fascismo|editor-last=Casali|editor-first=Luciano|publisher=Cappelli|location=]|p=179|language=it}}</ref> The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the war's end, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations, and self-management experiments through land and factory occupations.<ref name="Dallacasa"/> In ] and ], ] were formed, and many ] took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the ] and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrest, and guerilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias. According to ], the anarcho-syndicalist trade union ] (USI) "grew to 800,000 members and the influence of the Italian Anarchist Union (20,000 members plus '']'', its daily paper) grew accordingly&nbsp; Anarchists were the first to suggest occupying workplaces".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/1918-1921-italian-factory-occupations-and-biennio-rosso|title=1918-1921: The Italian factory occupations and Biennio Rosso|website=]|date=10 September 2006|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This is a blog post on Libcom.org, of which the responsible publisher doesn't even know who the author is.|date=January 2023}}
During ], anarcho-syndicalists initially adopted an "internationalist" position, taking up the slogan "Neither Fascism, nor Antifascism." But following the ] and the subsequent suppression of their organisations, anarcho-syndicalists throughout Europe reorientated themselves towards ] and joined the ].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=185-189}} After the war, anarcho-syndicalism experienced a rapid decline, as anarcho-syndicalist unions were either marginalised by rising ] or repressed by newly-established authoritarian states.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=191-193|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=402-403}} Anarcho-syndicalists proved unable to keep up with the changes in the post-war capitalist system, which hastened the decline of the anarcho-syndicalist movement and forced its organisations to choose between marginalisation, reform or dissolution.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=193-195}} Despite the economic changes, the IWA chose to reaffirm traditional anarcho-syndicalist principles, causing its Dutch and Swedish sections to split from it.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=195-196}} The SAC chose to revise its principles in order to adapt to the new ], within which they aimed to establish ] over ] and the ] of the economy.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=196-198}} The IWA declined to its lowest point during the 1960s, as its membership became increasingly preoccupied with theory.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=198-199}}


===Contemporary revival===
Many of the most prominent members of the IWA were broken, driven underground or wiped out in the 1920s–1930s as ] came to power in states across Europe, and workers switched away from anarchism towards the seeming success of the Bolshevik model of socialism. In Argentina, the FORA had already begun to decline by the time it joined the IWA, having split in 1915 into pro and anti-Bolshevik factions. From 1922, the anarchist movement there lost most of its membership, exacerbated by further splits, most notably around the ] affair. It was crushed by ] military coup in 1930.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://eial.tau.ac.il/index.php/eial/article/view/1126|title=The Uniqueness of Anarchism in Argentina|first=Yaacov|last=Oved|year=1997|journal=Estudios Interdisciplinarios de Amrica Latina y El Caribe|volume=8|issue=1|publisher=]|issn=0792-7061|pp=63-76}}</ref> Germany's FAUD struggled throughout the late 1920s and early 1930s as the ] took control of the streets. Its last national congress in Erfurt in March 1932 saw the union attempt to form an underground bureau to combat Adolf Hitler's fascists; a measure never implemented as mass arrests decimated the conspirators' ranks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue65/faud.html|title=Anarchist Resistance To Nazism: The FAUD Undergound in the Rhineland|magazine=Organise!|issue=65|year=2005|publisher=]|access-date=29 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201120108/http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue65/faud.html|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited article is from an anarchist magazine of questionable reliability.|date=January 2023}} The editor of the FAUD organ ''Der Syndikalist'', Gerhard Wartenberg, was killed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Karl Windhoff, delegate to the IWA Madrid congress of 1931, was driven out of his mind and also died in a Nazi death camp. There were also mass trials of FAUD members held in Wuppertal and Rhenanie; many of these never survived the death camps.<ref name="libcom"/>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is a self-published blogpost on Libcom.org that appears to have copy-pasted sections from Misplaced Pages|date=January 2023}} Italian IWA union USI, which had claimed a membership of up to 600,000 people in 1922, was waning due to murders and repression from ]'s fascists.<ref name="selfed">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.selfed.org.uk/node/2865|chapter=Global anarcho-syndicalism 1939-99|url=http://www.selfed.org.uk/a-s-history/a-history-of-anarcho-syndicalism|title=A history of Anarcho-syndicalism|year=2001|edition=2nd|publisher=SelfEd Collective|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is self-published|date=January 2023}} It had been driven underground by 1924, and although it could still lead significant strikes by miners, metalworkers and marble workers, Mussolini's ascent to power in 1925 sealed its fate. By 1927, its leading activists had been arrested or exiled.<ref>{{cite book|last=Careri|first=Gianfranco|year=1991|title=Il sindacalismo autogestionario, l'USI dalle origini ad oggi|location=]|publisher=]|language=it|oclc=84689580}}</ref>

Portugal's CGT was driven underground after an unsuccessful attempt to break the newly installed dictatorship of ] with a general strike in 1927 that led to nearly 100 deaths. It survived underground with 15–20,000 members until January 1934, when it called a general revolutionary strike against plans to replace trade unions with fascist corporations, which failed. It continued in a much-reduced state until World War II but was effectively finished as a fighting union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/iwa-today-south-london-dam-1985|author-link=Solidarity Federation|last=DAM-IWA|first=South London|title=The IWA today – South London DAM |year=1985|publisher=Aldgate Press|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is an anarcho-syndicalist pamphlet.|date=January 2023}} Massive government repression repeated such defeats worldwide as anarcho-syndicalist unions were destroyed in Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Japan, Cuba, Bulgaria, Paraguay and Bolivia. By the end of the 1930s, legal anarcho-syndicalist trade unions existed only in Chile, Bolivia, Sweden and Uruguay.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=89}} However, perhaps the most tremendous blow was struck in the ], which saw the CNT, then claiming a membership of 1.58 million, driven underground with the defeat of the Spanish Republic by ]. The sixth IWA congress took place in 1936, shortly after the ] had begun, but was unable to provide serious material support for the section. The IWA held its last pre-war congress in Paris in 1938; with months to go before the German invasion of Poland, it received an application from ZZZ,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://libcom.org/article/anarchism-and-zzz-poland-1919-1939|author1=FAU|author2=NSF|title=Anarchism and the ZZZ in Poland, 1919-1939|location=]|publisher=]|magazine=]|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is a supplement to an anarcho-syndicalist magazine.|date=January 2023}} a syndicalist union in the country claiming up to 130,000 workers—ZZZ members went on to form a core part of the resistance against the Nazis and participated in the Warsaw uprising. However, the International was not to meet again until 1951, six years after World War II had ended. During the war, only one member of the IWA could continue to function as a revolutionary union, the SAC in Sweden.<ref name="libcom" />{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is a self-published blogpost on Libcom.org that appears to have copy-pasted sections from Misplaced Pages|date=January 2023}} In 1927, with the "moderate" positioning of some ''cenetistas'' (CNT members), the ] (FAI), an association of anarchist ]s, was created in ]. The FAI would play an essential role during the following years through the so-called ''trabazón'' (connection) with the CNT; that is, the presence of FAI elements in the CNT, encouraging the labour union not to move away from its anarchist principles, an influence that continues today.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roca Martínez|2006|p=116}}</ref>

=== Post–World War II era ===
] of the ] is also adopted as a symbol by anarcho-syndicalists]]

After World War II, an appeal in the '']'', detailing the plight of ], called for Americans to support them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vallance|1973|pp=77–78}}</ref> By February 1946, sending aid parcels to anarchists in Germany was a large-scale operation. In 1947, ] published ''Zur Betrachtung der Lage in Deutschland'' (''Regarding the Portrayal of the Situation in Germany'') about the impossibility of another anarchist movement in Germany. It became the first post-World War II anarchist writing to be distributed in Germany. Rocker thought young Germans were cynical or inclined to fascism and awaited a new generation to grow up before anarchism could bloom again in the country.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Nevertheless, the Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS) was founded in 1947 by former FAUD members. Rocker wrote for its organ, ''Die Freie Gesellschaft'', which survived until 1953.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vallance|1973|pp=94–95}}</ref> In 1949, Rocker published another well-known work. On 10 September 1958, Rocker died in the Mohegan Colony.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The ] was a syndicalist group active in post-war Britain and one of the Solidarity Federation's earliest predecessors. It was formed in 1950 by members of the dissolved ].<ref name="Political Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Tyldesley|first=Mike|title=Syndicalist Workers' Federation|editor-first1=Peter|editor-last1=Barberis|editor-first2=John|editor-last2=McHugh|editor-first3=Mike|editor-last3=Tyldesley|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC|year=2000|publisher=Pinter Publishers|location=London|isbn=1-85567-264-2|p=168}}</ref> The ] (CNT, or National Confederation of Labour) was founded in 1946 by Spanish anarcho-syndicalists in exile with former members of the CGT-SR. The CNT later split into the CNT-Vignoles and the CNT-AIT, the French section of the IWA.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

At the seventh congress in Toulouse in 1951, a much smaller IWA was relaunched without the CNT, which would not be strong enough to reclaim membership until 1958 as an exiled and underground organization. Delegates attended, though primarily representing tiny groups, from Cuba, Argentina, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Britain, Bulgaria and Portugal. A message of support was received from Uruguay. However, the situation remained difficult for the International as it struggled to deal with the rise of state-sanctioned economic trade unionism in the West, heavy secret service intervention as ] anti-communism reached its height and the banning of all strikes and free trade unions in the Soviet Union bloc of countries.<ref name="libcom" />{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is a self-published blogpost on Libcom.org that appears to have copy-pasted sections from Misplaced Pages|date=January 2023}} In 1956, the SAC withdrew from the IWA, following a dispute over the distribution of ], which the IWA had opposed. This led to the SAC developing a more ], as it began to advocate for ] in ].{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=222-223}} For most of the next two decades, the international struggled to rebuild itself. In 1976 at the 15th congress, the IWA had only five member groups, two of which (the Spanish and Bulgarian members) were still operating in exile (though following Franco's death in 1975, the CNT was already approaching a membership of 200,000).<ref name="selfed" />{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is self-published|date=January 2023}}

The ] was formed in 1979 when the remaining SWF branch and other smaller anarchist groups decided to form a new organisation of anarcho-syndicalists in Britain.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/x69qfd|author=M.H.|year=1993|title=The Direct Action Movement|magazine=KSL: Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library|issue=4|publisher=]|p=8}}</ref> The DAM was highly involved in the ] and a series of industrial disputes later in the 1980s, including the Ardbride dispute in ], ], involving a supplier to ], for which the DAM received international support. From 1988 in Scotland, then England and Wales, the DAM was active in opposing the ].<ref name="Golden Angels">{{cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Albert|title=I Couldn't Paint Golden Angels|year=2001|publisher=]|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1873176931|url=http://libcom.org/library/25-lucky-strike-direct-action-years-poll-tax-battle-trafalgar-square-class-war-leo}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2023}} In March 1994, DAM changed to its current name, the ], having been the Direct Action Movement since 1979 and the Syndicalist Workers' Federation since 1950. The Solidarity Federation publishes the quarterly magazine ''Direct Action'' (presently on hiatus) and the newspaper ''Catalyst''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solfed.org.uk/catalyst|title=Catalyst - the SolFed freesheet|website=]|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited source is the web page for the paper on SolFed's own website|date=January 2023}} In 1979, a split over representative unionism, professional unionism and state-funded schemes saw the CNT divided into two sections, the CNT as it is today and the ]. After ]'s death in November 1975 and the beginning of ], the CNT was the only social movement to refuse to sign the 1977 ],<ref>{{Harvnb|Roca Martínez|2006|p=108}}</ref> an agreement amongst politicians, political parties and trade unions to plan how to operate the economy during the transition. In 1979, the CNT held its first congress since 1936 and several mass meetings, the most remarkable one in ]. Views put forward in this congress would set the pattern for the CNT's line of action for the following decades: no participation in union elections, no acceptance of state subsidies,<ref name="Roca Martínez 2006 109">{{Harvnb|Roca Martínez|2006|p=109}}</ref> no acknowledgement of ]s and support of union sections.

In this first congress, held in Madrid,<ref>{{harvnb|Aguilar Fernández|2002|p=110}}</ref> a minority sector in favour of union elections split from the CNT, initially calling themselves CNT Valencia Congress (referring to the alternative congress held in this city) and later ] (CGT) after an April 1989 court decision determined that they could not use the CNT initials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnt.es/faq/#cntcgta |title=FAQ – Preguntas frecuentes|website=]|quote=En diciembre de 1979, la CNT celebra su primer congreso tras la muerte de Franco. Un sector minoritario que es partidario de las elecciones sindicales se escinde y pasa a llamarse CNT congreso de valencia (en referencia al Congreso alternativo realizado en esa ciudad) y posteriormente, perdidas judicialmente las siglas, a CGT.|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=Cited source is an FAQ on the CNT's own website, regarding a disputed subject in the CNT's history|date=January 2023}} In 1990, a group of CGT members left this union because they rejected the CGT's policy of accepting government subsidies, founding '']''. One year before, the ] affected the CNT. An explosion killed three people in a Barcelona nightclub.<ref>{{harvnb|Alexander|1999|p=1094}}</ref> The authorities alleged that striking workers "blew themselves up" and arrested surviving strikers, implicating them in the crime.<ref>{{harvnb|Meltzer|1996|p=265}}</ref> CNT members declared that the prosecution sought to criminalize their organization.<ref>{{in lang|es}} A series of three articles about the Scala Case from the CNT point of view: (1) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630041110/http://www.polemica.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=95 |date=30 June 2006 }}, ("The Scala Case. A trial against anarcho-syndicalism"), Jesús Martínez, ''Revista Polémica'' online, 1 February 2006; (2) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630041147/http://www.polemica.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=94 |date=30 June 2006 }} ("Second part: the trial") 31 January 2006; (3) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630041121/http://www.polemica.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=93 |date=30 June 2006 }} ("Third part: Grillo's song") 31 January 2006. All accessed online 6 January 2008.</ref>

=== Contemporary times ===
] ]
The anarcho-syndicalist movement began to experience a revival in the wake of the ] and the ]. While the Spanish CNT experienced a rapid growth, new anarcho-syndicalist organisations were established throughout Europe.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=198-199|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=403-404}} As ] and ] led to the dismantling of welfare states in the West, while the ] collapsed, anarcho-syndicalists once again began to present ] as a necessary alternative to the state and capitalism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=199-200|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=395, 407-408}} By the turn of the 21st century, anarcho-syndicalism had experienced a resurgence, as anarcho-syndicalist organisations re-emerged throughout the globe. Existing anarcho-syndicalist unions once again began taking direct action and organising strikes, while new anarcho-syndicalist unions established large support bases and achieved social reforms.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=200-202|2a1=Hirsch|2a2=van der Walt|2y=2010b|2pp=395-396}}
After its legalization, the CNT began efforts to recover the expropriations of 1939. The basis for such recovery would be established by Law 4/1986, which required the return of the seized properties and the unions' right to use or yield the real estate. Since then, the CNT has been claiming the return of these properties from the State. In 1996, the ] facilities in Madrid were squatted by 105 CNT militants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1996/12/07/economia/186681.html |title=Los 117 detenidos de la CNT, en libertad tras prestar declaración |date=7 December 1996 |work=] |language=es |access-date=14 January 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> This body is in charge of the repatriation of the accumulated union wealth. In 2004, an agreement was reached between the CNT and the District Attorney's Office, through which all charges were dropped against the hundred prosecuted for this occupation.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}


==Theory==
]
] (CNT) in Barcelona]]
On 3 September 2009, six members of the Serbian IWA section (ASI-MUR), including then-IWA General Secretary Ratibor Trivunac, were arrested<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/belgrade-anarchists-arrested-state-attorney-seeks-international-terrorism-charge|first=IWA-AIT|last=Secretariat|author-link=IWA-AIT|title=Belgrade: anarchists arrested; state attorney seeks international terrorism charge|website=]|date=4 September 2009|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023|reason=Citation is to a blog post from the IWA-AIT}} on suspicion of international terrorism, a charge that the international and other anarchist groups heavily disputed. Shortly after their arrest, an open letter was circulated by Serbian academics criticizing the charges and the attitude of the Serbian police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.zsp.net.pl/belgrade-professors-send-open-letter-in-defense-of-arrested/ |title=Belgrade: Professors Send Open Letter in Defense of Arrested |date=12 September 2009 |website=Anarcho-Syndicalist Initiative |access-date=15 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174824/http://asi.zsp.net.pl/belgrade-professors-send-open-letter-in-defense-of-arrested/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023|reason=Citation is to a blog post from the Anarcho-Syndicalist Initiative}} The six were indicted on 7 December, and after a lengthy trial procedure, Trivunac and the other five anarchists were freed on 17 February 2010. On 10 December 2009, the FAU local in ] was effectively ] as a union following a public industrial dispute at the city's Babylon cinema. At the 14th annual congress of the IWA, which was held in ] in December 2009, the first time the congress had been held outside Europe, motions of support were passed for the "Belgrade Six" and FAU while members of the ] temporarily took over duties as Secretariat. The International's Norwegian section subsequently took on the Secretariat role in 2010. As part of the anti-austerity movement in Europe, various IWA sections have been highly active in the 2008–2012 period, with the CNT taking a leading role in agitating for the general strikes that have occurred in Spain, the USI in Milan taking on anti-austerity campaigns in the health service and the ZSP organizing tenants against abuses in rented accommodation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://internationalworkersassociation.blogspot.com|title=The unofficial IWA blog|year=2011|publisher=ASI-MUR|access-date=14 October 2011}} keeps an updated list of recent IWA member activities</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This is a link to a blog, not even a specific blog post.|date=January 2023}}
The political theory of anarcho-syndicalism is based on the foundations of ], as formulated by the anti-authoritarian faction of the ], while its organisational forms were adopted from ], which was first put into practice by the French labour movement in the early 20th century.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=82}}


Anarcho-syndicalism is distinguished from other forms of syndicalism by its anarchist political philosophy, where other syndicalist tendencies distance themselves from anarchism or even deny any political alignment.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|p=142}} Other varieties of syndicalism include: the "neutral" revolutionary syndicalism, which separates itself from other political theories;{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=31-34, 46|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2pp=142-143}} ]'s ], which infused it with a ] influence;{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1p=137|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2p=143}} and an ] of syndicalism developed by ], which advocates for ] and ]making to drive the masses towards a general strike.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=28}}
{{According to whom|The most significant organised anarchist movement today is in Spain|date=January 2023}} in the form of the ] (CGT) and the CNT.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} CGT membership was estimated at 100,000 in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carley|first=Mark|date=20 May 2004|title=Trade union membership 1993–2003|url=https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2004/trade-union-membership-1993-2003|website=]|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> The regions with the largest CNT membership are the Centre (Madrid and surrounding area), the North (Basque country), Andalucía, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.{{Sfn|Roca Martínez|2006|p=114}} The CNT opposes the union elections and workplace committees<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnt.es/Documentos/panf_elecc_sind.htm|title=¿Que son las elecciones sindicales?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209023232/http://www.cnt.es/Documentos/panf_elecc_sind.htm|archive-date=9 February 2008|website=]|url-status=dead|access-date=6 January 2008|language=es}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023|reason=Cited source is the CNT website}} model and is critical of labour reforms and the UGT and the CCOO,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnt.es/Documentos/Reforma/reforma.htm|title=Otra reforma laboral ¿Y ahora qué?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226230612/http://www.cnt.es/Documentos/Reforma/reforma.htm|archive-date=26 February 2008|website=]|url-status=dead|language=es|access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023|reason=Cited source is the CNT website}} standing instead on a platform of ''reivindicación''; that is, "return of what is due", or social revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnt.es/Documentos/plataforma/plataforma.htm|title=Plataforma Reivindicativa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129121238/http://www.cnt.es/Documentos/plataforma/plataforma.htm|archive-date=29 January 2008|website=]|url-status=dead|access-date=6 January 2008|language=es}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2023|reason=Cited source is the CNT website}}


Anarcho-syndicalism also distinguishes itself from other forms of anarchism, due to its favourability towards ] and organisation.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=25-26}} While other forms of anarchism reject ] and the ], considering the ideal of a ] to be one of ], small-scale social units, anarcho-syndicalism foresees trade unions as taking over a large-scale and centralised industrial economy.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=26}} Anarcho-syndicalists believe that the establishment of a syndicalist system could lead to the ] and as such to ] and ].{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=26-27}} Some support the temporary establishment of a ] of distribution "]", until a state of ] is achieved, at which point it would give way to an ] system of distribution "]".{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=27-28}}
=== Green syndicalism ===
Green syndicalism is a synthesis of anarcho-syndicalism and environmentalism, arguing that protection of the environment depends on decentralization, regionalism, direct action, autonomy, pluralism and federation. It primarily draws inspiration from the ]s in Australia, the efforts of workers at ] to convert their factories away from armaments production and ] efforts in the ] to organise timber workers and environmentalists in Northern California. Green Syndicalism has been advocated for at various times by ], ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsignificance.com/2011/07/04/jeff-shantz-green-syndicalism-an-alternative-red%E2%80%93green-vision|last=Shantz|first=Jeff|title=Green Syndicalism – An Alternative Red-Green Vision|website=The New Significance|date=4 July 2011|access-date=31 January 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615194156/http://www.thenewsignificance.com/2011/07/04/jeff-shantz-green-syndicalism-an-alternative-red%e2%80%93green-vision/|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>


In the contemporary period, anarcho-syndicalism is divided into two main factions: the "orthodox" faction, which rejects any ] or ] with statist forces, in favour of waiting for the right conditions for a ]; and the "revisionist" faction, which is open to participation in systems of ] and pursues ] towards the ] of the economy.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=194-197}}
== Theory and politics ==
], influential anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist]]
]
Anarcho-syndicalists believe that ] carried out by workers as opposed to indirect action, such as electing a representative to a government position, would allow workers to liberate themselves.<ref>Rudolf Rocker, ''Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice'' (AK Press, 2004), p. 73, {{ISBN|1-902593-92-8}}</ref>


===Anti-politics ===
Anarcho-syndicalists believe that workers' organisations that oppose the wage system will eventually form the basis of a new society and should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or "business agents"; instead, the workers alone should decide on what affects them.<ref>Rudolf Rocker, ''Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice'' (AK Press, 2004), p. 62-63, {{ISBN|1-902593-92-8}}</ref> ] is one of the most influential figures in the anarcho-syndicalist movement.
Anarcho-syndicalism is an ] or ] ideology,{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=142-143}} opposed to the formation of socialist political parties and participation in parliamentary politics.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1pp=82-83|2a1=van der Walt|2a2=Schmidt|2y=2009|2pp=142-143}} Anarcho-syndicalists argue that socialist participation in politics, rather than moving society closer to socialism, has damaged the labour movement by substituting ] for ].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=83}} They have further criticised socialist parties for abandoning ] in favour of ], which they believe to have resulted in the reinforcement of capitalism and the integration of the labour movement into the ]. To anarcho-syndicalists, political ] corrupted socialist politicians, while electoralism transformed socialism from a ] into a ].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=83-84}} Anarcho-syndicalists are thus opposed to unions affiliating with political parties and attempt to prevent the capture of unions by party politicians.{{Sfn|van der Walt|Schmidt|2009|pp=142-143}} From this position, anarcho-syndicalists have denounced ] as a vehicle for ] and ], and criticised ] for bureaucratic inaction.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=84-85}}


===Trade unionism===
], influenced by Rocker, wrote the introduction to a modern edition of '']''. A member of the ] (IWW), Chomsky is a self-described anarcho-syndicalist, a position that he sees as the appropriate application of ] political theory to contemporary industrial society:
Anarcho-syndicalists see trade unions not only as a means by which workers can organise for immediate improvements to their living and working conditions; but also as a means of training workers for ], with the goal of establishing ] over production and the creation of a ].{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1pp=24-25|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2p=86}} Anarcho-syndicalists believe that trade unions are better suited for these tasks than socialist political parties, as workers often still require trade unions to protect their rights even under socialist governments.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=86-88}} Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the ] of the labour movement; they believe workers' power resides in the economic sphere, as they are responsible for producing the ] that society relies upon.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=88-89}} For anarcho-syndicalists, trade unions represent the ] of a future socialist economy, the foundation that a new syndicalist society will be built on.{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1p=89|2a1=van der Walt|2y=2018|2pp=250-251}} ] is therefore at the centre of anarcho-syndicalism, which aims to use trade unions to prepare workers to take over management of the industrial economy.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=89-90}}
{{quotation|Now a federated, decentralised system of free associations, incorporating economic as well as other social institutions, would be what I refer to as anarcho-syndicalism; and it seems to me that this is the appropriate form of social organisation for an advanced technological society in which human beings do not have to be forced into the position of tools, of cogs in the machine. There is no longer any social necessity for human beings to be treated as mechanical elements in the productive process; that can be overcome and we must overcome it to be a society of freedom and free association, in which the creative urge that I consider intrinsic to human nature will in fact be able to realize itself in whatever way it will.<ref>The Chomsky-Foucault Debate on Human Nature, The New Press, 2006, p.38-9</ref>}}


===Federalism===
]
]
Anarcho-syndicalism organises itself according to the principles of ] and ], in which the ] is upheld.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=90}} Anarcho-syndicalists are staunchly opposed to ], ] forms of organisation, which they believe stifle ] with ].{{Sfnm|1a1=Rocker|1y=1989|1pp=90-91|2a1=van der Walt|2y=2018|2p=252}} In anarcho-syndicalist organisations, individual unions carry out their activities on a voluntary basis; for any larger-scale activity that requires ], representatives are typically elected for ] and are paid the same amount as the workers they represent.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=91-92}} Anarcho-syndicalists believe that centralism weakens and inhibits workers' capacity to take independent action and make decisions, and that centralised organisations inevitably tend towards inertia and stagnation.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=92-93}} In contrast, they believe that federalist organisations provide workers with both the means to take rapid action in individual struggles and also connections that could allow them to establish workers' control of the economy and society in a ].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=93}}


According to the anarcho-syndicalist model, federal organisations are built from the bottom-up, on both a territorial and industrial basis:{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=25|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2pp=93-94|3a1=van der Walt|3y=2018|3p=260}} first, workers join together in independent trade unions; the trade unions in a given city or district then combine into a ], which act as centres for popular education and build ] between workers of different trades; the cartels then group together on a regional basis, up to the national level, providing larger-scale coordination between its member organisations.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=93-94}} Under this model, each trade union is also federatively linked with other unions of the same trade and related trades in ], which allow workers a greater scope of ]s in struggles relevant to their economic sector.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=94}} Anarcho-syndicalists see this federative form of industrial organisation as the nucleus for the reorganisation of the economy and society, as it would be able to take over the management of production in every economic sector.{{Sfnm|1a1=Damier|1y=2009|1p=25|2a1=Rocker|2y=1989|2p=94}} In such a ], cartels would take over production in their communities, determine the needs of their local population and organise the economy to meet those needs. A national federation would likewise be able to organise production throughout a given country to meet the needs of the entire populace nationwide, while the industrial unions established workers' control over the ] and ]ation.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=94-95}}
== Criticism and response ==
Anarcho-syndicalism has been criticised as anachronistic by some contemporary anarchists.<ref>Heider, Ulrike and Bode, Ulrike, ''Anarchism: Left, Right and Green'' (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994), p. 4. {{ISBN|0-87286-289-5}}</ref> In 1992, ] spoke against its reliance on an outdated view of work:
{{quotation|As "practical" and "realistic" as anarcho-syndicalism may seem, it represents in my view an archaic ideology rooted in a narrowly economistic notion of bourgeois interest, indeed of a sectorial interest as such. It relies on the persistence of social forces like the factory system and the traditional class consciousness of the industrial proletariat that are waning radically in the Euro-American world in an era of indefinable social relations and ever-broadening social concerns. Broader movements and issues are now on the horizon of modern society that, while they must necessarily involve workers, require a perspective that is larger than the factory, trade union, and a proletarian orientation.<ref name="Bookchin">Murray Bookchin, '' The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism'', {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103015617/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bookchin/ghost2.html |date=3 January 2009 }}. Retrieved 27 January 2009.</ref>}}


==Practice==
] on 15 May 2019]]
In contrast to political parties that seek to enhance the political power of ] over ], anarcho-syndicalists aim to restrict the ability of the state to act and influence society.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=109-110}} Anarcho-syndicalism also seeks to abolish ] and replace it with ], which it does by lowering the ]s of business owners and raising the workers' ] in the product of their own labour.{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|p=110}} Anarcho-syndicalists consider the state to be a result of ], established and maintained in order to protect the ] of capitalists over the economy. As such, anarcho-syndicalists predict that the ] will be an inevitable consequence of the abolition of capitalism. While moving towards this, they also consider it necessary to protect the ] that workers have achieved from ].{{Sfn|Rocker|1989|pp=110-111}}
Bookchin has said that it prioritizes the interests of the working class instead of communal freedom for society as a whole; this view ultimately prevents a true revolution. He argues that in instances like the ], it was despite the syndicalist-minded CNT leadership that the revolution occurred.<ref name="Bookchin"/>


Anarcho-syndicalism is driven by the practice of ], which eschews legalistic methods in favour of workers forcing their employers to make concessions.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|p=23}} Methods of direct action include boycotts, sabotage and ]s, the latter of which syndicalists framed as a "revolutionary drill" to prepare workers for the overthrow of capitalism and the state.{{Sfn|Damier|2009|pp=23-24}}
Direct action, one of the main staples of anarcho-syndicalism, would extend into the political sphere, according to its supporters. To them, the labour council is the federation of all workplace branches of all industries in a geographical area "territorial basis of organisation linkage brought all the workers from one area together and fomented working-class solidarity over and before corporate solidarity".<ref>Romero Maura, "The Spanish Case", contained in ], D. Apter and J. Joll (eds.), p. 75</ref> Rudolf Rocker argued:
{{quotation|The organisation of Anarcho-Syndicalism is based upon the principles of Federalism, on free combination from below upwards, putting the right of self-determination of every member above everything else and recognising only the organic agreement of all on the basis of like interests and common convictions.<ref>Rudolf Rocker, ''Anarcho-Syndicalism'', op. cit., p. 53</ref>}}

Anarcho-syndicalism, therefore, is not apolitical but instead sees political and economic activity as the same. Unlike the propositions of some of its critics, anarcho-syndicalism is different from reformist union activity in that it aims to obliterate capitalism as " has a double aim: with tireless persistence, it must pursue betterment of the working class's current conditions. But, without letting themselves become obsessed with this passing concern, the workers should take care to make possible and imminent the essential act of comprehensive emancipation: the expropriation of capital".<ref>Emile Pouget in ''No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism'', edited by Daniel Guerin (AK Press, 2005), p. 71. {{ISBN|1-904859-25-9}}</ref>

]'s October 2005 demonstration in Barcelona]]
While collectivist and communist anarchists criticise syndicalism as having the potential to exclude the voices of citizens and consumers outside of the union, anarcho-syndicalists argue that labour councils will work outside of the workplace and within the community to encourage community and consumer participation in economic and political activity (even workers and consumers outside of the union or nation) and will work to form and maintain the institutions necessary in any society such as schools, libraries, homes and so on. Bookchin argues:
{{quotation|At the same time that syndicalism exerts this unrelenting pressure on capitalism, it tries to build the new social order within the old. The unions and the 'labour councils' are not merely means of struggle and instruments of social revolution; they are also the very structure around which to build a free society. The workers are to be educated in the job of destroying the old propertied order and in the task of reconstructing a stateless, libertarian society. The two go together.<ref>Bookchin, M 1998, '']'', AK Press, California. p 121</ref>}}

== In popular culture ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
* The 1975 comedy film '']'' makes reference to anarcho-syndicalism. King Arthur becomes frustrated when a character named Dennis explains the anarcho-syndicalist commune in which he lives. The situation is exacerbated when Dennis insults Arthur's claim to ] and the kingship of the Britons. Arthur, fed up, assaults Dennis and leaves, an incident that Dennis refers to as "the violence inherent in the system".
* ]'s novel '']'' (1974) shows a fictional functioning anarcho-syndicalist society. The novel is subtitled "An Ambiguous Utopia".
* '']'' (''Vivir la utopía'', a documentary film from 1997 about anarcho-syndicalism and anarchism in Spain).
* ]'s ''The Relevance of Anarcho-syndicalism'' (interviewed by Peter Jay, 1976) ({{YouTube|id=h_x0Y3FqkEI}} and ).


== See also == == See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{Portal|Politics|Socialism|Anarchism}} {{Portal|Politics|Socialism|Anarchism}}
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}
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== Bibliography == == Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}} {{refbegin|2}}

* {{cite book |last=Aguilar Fernández |first=Palomar |year=2002 |title=Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=1-57181-496-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert J. Alexander|title=The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War|ISBN=1-85756-400-6|location=]|publisher=Janus|year=1999|oclc=43717219|url=https://libcom.org/history/anarchists-spanish-civil-war-robert-alexander}} * {{cite book|last=Damier|first=Vadim|year=2009|orig-year=2000|title=Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century|translator-last=Archibald|translator-first=Malcolm|location=]|publisher=Black Cat Press|isbn=978-0-9737827-6-9}}
* {{cite book|first1=Steven J.|last1=Hirsch|first2=Lucien|last2=van der Walt|author-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Rethinking Anarchism and Syndicalism: the colonial and postcolonial experience, 1870–1940|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=]|location=]|year=2010a|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pages=xxxi-lxxiii}}
* {{cite book|last=Andrews|first=Nathaniel|year=2019|title=Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–23|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|volume=32|issue=3|pp=173-193|issn=1758-9150|doi=10.1386/ijis_00004_1}}
* {{cite book|first1=Steven J.|last1=Hirsch|first2=Lucien|last2=van der Walt|author-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Final Reflections: the vicissitudes of anarchist and syndicalist trajectories, 1940 to the present|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=]|location=]|year=2010b|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pages=395–412}}
*{{cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Beevor |title=Battle for Spain the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=0-14-303765-X |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto/page/295 }}
*{{cite book|last=Damier|first=Vadim|year=2009|orig-year=2000|title=Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century|translator-last=Archibald|translator-first=Malcolm|location=]|publisher=Black Cat Press|isbn=978-0-9737827-6-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Danny|last2=Stainforth|first2=Elizabeth|year=2022|title=Learning to live: Anarcho-syndicalism and utopia in Spain, 1931–37|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|issn=1758-9150|doi=10.1386/ijis_00078_1}}
* {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Paul|chapter=The Labour Movement in Spain before 1914|editor-last=Geary|editor-first=Dick|year=1989|title=Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/laboursocialistm0000unse|publisher=]|isbn=0-85496-200-X|lccn=88-21418|pp=231-265}}
*{{cite book|first1=Steven J.|last1=Hirsch|first2=Lucien|last2=van der Walt|author-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Rethinking Anarchism and Syndicalism: the colonial and postcolonial experience, 1870–1940|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=]|location=]|year=2010a|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pp=xxxi-lxxiii}}
*{{cite book|first1=Steven J.|last1=Hirsch|first2=Lucien|last2=van der Walt|author-link2=Lucien van der Walt|chapter=Final Reflections: the vicissitudes of anarchist and syndicalist trajectories, 1940 to the present|editor-first1=Steven J.|editor-last1=Hirsch|editor-first2=Lucien|editor-last2=van der Walt|editor-link2=Lucien van der Walt|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|series=Studies in Global Social History|volume=6|publisher=]|location=]|year=2010b|isbn=9789004188495|oclc=868808983|pp=395-412}}
* {{cite book |last=Meltzer |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Meltzer |year=1996 |title=I Couldn't Paint Golden Angels: Sixty Years of Commonplace Life and Anarchist Agitation |publisher=]c |location=Oakland |isbn=1-873176-93-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Roca Martínez |first=Beltrán |year=2006 |title=Anarchism, anthropology and Andalucia: an analysis of the CNT and 'New Capitalism' |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=106–130 |publisher=] |location=London |issn=0967-3393 |url=http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228212207/http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Rocker|year=1989|orig-year=1938|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism|publisher=]|isbn=0-7453-1392-2}} * {{cite book|last=Rocker|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Rocker|year=1989|orig-year=1938|title=Anarcho-Syndicalism|publisher=]|isbn=0-7453-1392-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Simon|first=S. Fanny|year=1946|title=Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism in South America|journal=]|publisher=]|volume=26|issue=1|pp=38-59|issn=1527-1900|jstor=2507692}} * {{cite book|last=Thorpe|first=Wayne|year=1989|title=The Workers Themselves|title-link=The Workers Themselves|publisher=]|isbn=0-7923-0276-1|lccn=89-8205}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/002200947300800304|last=Vallance|first=Margaret|date=July 1973|title=Rudolf Rocker – a biographical sketch|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=75–95|publisher=Sage Publications|location=London/Beverly Hills|s2cid=159569041|issn=0022-0094|oclc=49976309}}
* {{cite book|title=]|first1=Lucien|last1=van der Walt|author-link=Lucien van der Walt|first2=Michael|last2=Schmidt|year=2009|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-904859-16-1|lccn=2006933558|oclc=1100238201}} * {{cite book|title=]|first1=Lucien|last1=van der Walt|author-link=Lucien van der Walt|first2=Michael|last2=Schmidt|year=2009|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-904859-16-1|lccn=2006933558|oclc=1100238201}}
* {{cite journal|last=Weltman|first=Burton|year=2000|title=Revisiting Paul Goodman: Anarcho-Syndicalism as the American Way of Life|journal=Educational Theory|volume=50|issue=2|pp=179-199|issn=1741-5446|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5446.2000.00179.x}} * {{cite journal|last=van der Walt|first=Lucien|year=2016|title=Global Anarchism and Syndicalism: Theory, History, Resistance|url=https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/anarchiststudies/vol-24-issue-1/abstract-9310/|journal=]|volume=24|issue=1|issn=0967-3393|pages=85–106}}
* {{cite book|last=van der Walt|first=Lucien|chapter=Syndicalism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=249–264|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14|s2cid=242074567 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Robert|last2=Sproule|first2=Warren|year=2002|title=Don't Mourn the Death of Theory, Organize! Globalization and the rhizome of anarcho-syndicalism|journal=]|volume=16|issue=3|pp=317-333|issn=1469-3666|doi=10.1080/1030431022000018681}}
* {{cite book|last=Zimmer|first=Kenyon|chapter=Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=353–370|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_21|s2cid=242074567 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Zoffmann-Rodriguez|first=Arturo|year=2018|title=Anarcho-syndicalism and the Russian Revolution: Towards a political explanation of a fleeting romance, 1917–22|journal=Revolutionary Russia|volume=31|issue=2|pp=226-246|issn=1743-7873|doi=10.1080/09546545.2018.1535949}}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


== Further reading == == Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* ], , Freedom Press, 2012 {{ISBN|978-1904491200}}
* {{cite book |last=Aguilar Fernández |first=Palomar |year=2002 |title=Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=1-57181-496-5}}
* Flank, Lenny (ed), ''IWW: A Documentary History'', Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-9791813-5-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert J. Alexander|title=The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War|isbn=1-85756-400-6|location=]|publisher=Janus|year=1999|oclc=43717219|url=https://libcom.org/history/anarchists-spanish-civil-war-robert-alexander}}
* ],
* {{cite journal|last=Andrews|first=Nathaniel|year=2019|title=Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–23|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|volume=32|issue=3|pages=173–193|issn=1758-9150|doi=10.1386/ijis_00004_1|s2cid=213843688 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Zoe |title=Means and Ends: The Revolutionary Practice of Anarchism in Europe and the United States |date=2023 |isbn=978-1-84935-498-1 |publisher=] |oclc=1345217229 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Beevor |title=Battle for Spain the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=0-14-303765-X |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto/page/295 }}
* {{cite book|last=D'Agostino|first=Anthony|chapter=Anarchism and Marxism in the Russian Revolution|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=409–428|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_24|s2cid=158605651 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Danny|last2=Stainforth|first2=Elizabeth|year=2022|title=Learning to live: Anarcho-syndicalism and utopia in Spain, 1931–37|journal=International Journal of Iberian Studies|volume=36 |pages=3–20 |issn=1758-9150|doi=10.1386/ijis_00078_1|s2cid=254803080 |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/194715/1/EvansStainforth-FINAL.pdf }}
* {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Robert|chapter=Anarchism and the First International|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=325–342|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19|s2cid=158605651 }}
* {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Paul|chapter=The Labour Movement in Spain before 1914|editor-last=Geary|editor-first=Dick|year=1989|title=Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/laboursocialistm0000unse|publisher=]|isbn=0-85496-200-X|lccn=88-21418|pages=231–265}}
* {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Roca Martínez |first=Beltrán |year=2006 |title=Anarchism, anthropology and Andalucia: an analysis of the CNT and 'New Capitalism' |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=106–130 |publisher=] |location=London |issn=0967-3393 |url=http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228212207/http://www.lwbooks.co.uk/journals/anarchiststudies/articles/Mart%EDnez.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal|last=Simon|first=S. Fanny|year=1946|title=Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism in South America|journal=]|publisher=]|volume=26|issue=1|pages=38–59|doi=10.2307/2507692 |issn=1527-1900|jstor=2507692}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/002200947300800304|last=Vallance|first=Margaret|date=July 1973|title=Rudolf Rocker – a biographical sketch|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=8|issue=3|pages=75–95|publisher=Sage Publications|location=London/Beverly Hills|s2cid=159569041|issn=0022-0094|oclc=49976309}}
* {{cite journal|last=Weltman|first=Burton|year=2000|title=Revisiting Paul Goodman: Anarcho-Syndicalism as the American Way of Life|journal=Educational Theory|volume=50|issue=2|pages=179–199|issn=1741-5446|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5446.2000.00179.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Robert|last2=Sproule|first2=Warren|year=2002|title=Don't Mourn the Death of Theory, Organize! Globalization and the rhizome of anarcho-syndicalism|journal=]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=317–333|issn=1469-3666|doi=10.1080/1030431022000018681|s2cid=146834025 }}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Dana M.|chapter=Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=107–124|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_6|s2cid=158841066 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Zoffmann-Rodriguez|first=Arturo|year=2018|title=Anarcho-syndicalism and the Russian Revolution: Towards a political explanation of a fleeting romance, 1917–22|journal=Revolutionary Russia|volume=31|issue=2|pages=226–246|issn=1743-7873|doi=10.1080/09546545.2018.1535949|s2cid=149863663 }}
{{refend}}


== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons category}} {{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* *
* An ongoing historical series on anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism from a communist perspective * An ongoing historical series on anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism from a communist perspective
Line 148: Line 125:
* by Dan Jakopovich * by Dan Jakopovich
* from the Kate Sharpley Library * from the Kate Sharpley Library
* . . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. * . . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.


{{anarchism}} {{anarchism}}

Latest revision as of 18:11, 11 January 2025

Anarchist organisational model for trade unions

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    Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict. Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both a means to achieve immediate improvements to working conditions and to build towards a social revolution in the form of a general strike, with the ultimate aim of abolishing the state and capitalism. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the prefiguration of a post-capitalist society and seek to use them in order to establish workers' control of production and distribution. An anti-political ideology, anarcho-syndicalism rejects political parties and participation in parliamentary politics, considering them to be a corrupting influence on the labour movement. In order to achieve their material and economic goals, anarcho-syndicalists instead practice direct action in the form of strike actions, boycotts and sabotage. Anarcho-syndicalists also attempt to build solidarity among the working class, in order to unite workers against the exploitation of labour and build workers' self-management.

    The foundations of anarcho-syndicalism were laid by the anti-authoritarian faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA) and developed by the French General Confederation of Labour (CGT). Anarcho-syndicalism was constituted as a specific tendency following the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam, which led to anarcho-syndicalism becoming the dominant form of trade union organisation in Europe and Latin America. After facing suppression during the Revolutions of 1917–1923, anarcho-syndicalists established the International Workers' Association (IWA). Anarcho-syndicalism reached its apex during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, when the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) established an anarcho-syndicalist economy throughout much of the Spanish Republic. Anarcho-syndicalism went into decline after the defeat of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War. The movement split into two factions: the "orthodox" faction, which held to traditional syndicalist principles in spite of changing material conditions; and the "revisionist" faction, which aimed to achieve a mass base and work within the framework of newly-established welfare states. By the end of the 20th century, the rise of neoliberalism and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc had led to a revival in anarcho-syndicalism, with syndicalist unions once again being established throughout the globe.

    History

    Main article: History of anarcho-syndicalism

    Origins

    The history of anarcho-syndicalism can be traced back to the anarchist faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), which called for trade unions to overthrow the state in a general strike. This syndicalist model of trade union organisation was adopted by anarchists in Spain, Cuba, Mexico and the United States, where syndicalism became the dominant organisational form. Elsewhere, the development of reformist tendencies such as social democracy sidelined anarchists within trade unions. But tensions between rank-and-file trade unionists and their social-democratic leadership eventually gave way to the development of revolutionary syndicalism, which called for workers themselves to take direct action in order to improve their own material conditions.

    Growth of syndicalism

    A women's convention at the Bourse du Travail in Troyes, c. 1900

    Revolutionary syndicalism was first propagated in France, where the Bourses du Travail (English: Labour Exchanges) were established to provide mutual aid to workers and organise strike actions. By the 20th century, the bourses had joined together to establish the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), which rose to include 60% of French workers within its ranks. But after the CGT launched a general strike, which won French workers the eight-hour day and the weekend, the union turned away from revolutionary syndicalism towards reformism. However, by this time, revolutionary syndicalism had already spread throughout Europe, with syndicalist unions being established in the Netherlands, Italy, Portugal, Germany and Sweden. The concurrent development of industrial unionism led to the establishment of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in countries throughout the English-speaking world. By the 1910s, syndicalism had spread throughout every country in Europe and anarchist tendencies started to develop within the movement.

    Development of anarcho-syndicalism

    Demonstration by the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA) in 1915

    Although anarchists widely participated in the syndicalist movement, syndicalists were divided into separate tendencies, many of which rejected the ideological prescriptions of anarchism. At the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam, convened by the anarcho-syndicalist Christiaan Cornelissen in 1907, a conflict between the two tendencies broke out; while the syndicalist Pierre Monatte and the anarchist Errico Malatesta debated their respective ideologies, Amédée Dunois attempted to synthesise the two into a "workers' anarchism". Anarcho-syndicalism soon became the dominant form of trade union organisation in Spain, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and many other Latin American countries, where anarcho-syndicalists organised a series of general strikes for the eight-hour day. Attempts to establish international links between these anarcho-syndicalist organisations culminated in the convocation of a revolutionary syndicalist congress in 1913, although further movements towards the creation of an international organisation were halted by the outbreak of world war.

    War and Revolution

    Arrested anarcho-syndicalist workers, following the Patagonia Rebellion, c. 1920

    The outbreak of World War I split anarcho-syndicalists into internationalist and defencist camps; the former declared themselves against both sides of the war, while the latter supported the Allies against the Central Powers. The conflict ultimately demonstrated the inability of the international syndicalist movement to prevent war and discredited "neutral syndicalism" in the eyes of many workers, causing revolutionary sentiments to once again begin rising within the workers' movement. When the Revolutions of 1917–1923 spread throughout Europe, anarcho-syndicalists became keen participants in the revolutionary wave, during which they faced rising political repression. Anarcho-syndicalists in Europe, Latin America and Asia organised general strikes, sometimes reaching revolutionary proportions, but were ultimately suppressed by nationalist or communist dictatorships.

    Apex

    Anarchist militiawoman Ana Garbín on a barricade during the Spanish Revolution of 1936

    Following the suppression of their movements and the rising influence of Marxism-Leninism throughout the world, anarcho-syndicalists moved to establish their own international organisation: the International Workers' Association (IWA). Theoretical discussions within the IWA led to debates on the issues of platformism, insurrectionism, industrialism and reformism, while the Spanish National Confederation of Labour (CNT) rose to prominence in the Spanish Republic. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the CNT led the defeat of the Nationalists in Catalonia, where they ignited an anarcho-syndicalist revolution that collectivised three-quarters of the Republican economy. The CNT's decision to join the Republican government caused controversy within the IWA and the social revolution was eventually suppressed by the government. The Republicans ultimately lost the war and the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists were imprisoned, killed or forced into exile by the victorious Francoist dictatorship.

    Post-war decline

    Members of the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (SAC), marching on May Day in Malmö

    During World War II, anarcho-syndicalists initially adopted an "internationalist" position, taking up the slogan "Neither Fascism, nor Antifascism." But following the Nazi occupation of Europe and the subsequent suppression of their organisations, anarcho-syndicalists throughout Europe reorientated themselves towards anti-fascism and joined the anti-fascist resistance. After the war, anarcho-syndicalism experienced a rapid decline, as anarcho-syndicalist unions were either marginalised by rising social corporatism or repressed by newly-established authoritarian states. Anarcho-syndicalists proved unable to keep up with the changes in the post-war capitalist system, which hastened the decline of the anarcho-syndicalist movement and forced its organisations to choose between marginalisation, reform or dissolution. Despite the economic changes, the IWA chose to reaffirm traditional anarcho-syndicalist principles, causing its Dutch and Swedish sections to split from it. The SAC chose to revise its principles in order to adapt to the new Swedish welfare state, within which they aimed to establish workers' control over welfare and the democratisation of the economy. The IWA declined to its lowest point during the 1960s, as its membership became increasingly preoccupied with theory.

    Contemporary revival

    Members of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT marching in Madrid in 2010

    The anarcho-syndicalist movement began to experience a revival in the wake of the protests of 1968 and the Spanish transition to democracy. While the Spanish CNT experienced a rapid growth, new anarcho-syndicalist organisations were established throughout Europe. As globalisation and neoliberalism led to the dismantling of welfare states in the West, while the Eastern Bloc collapsed, anarcho-syndicalists once again began to present libertarian socialism as a necessary alternative to the state and capitalism. By the turn of the 21st century, anarcho-syndicalism had experienced a resurgence, as anarcho-syndicalist organisations re-emerged throughout the globe. Existing anarcho-syndicalist unions once again began taking direct action and organising strikes, while new anarcho-syndicalist unions established large support bases and achieved social reforms.

    Theory

    Offices of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) in Barcelona

    The political theory of anarcho-syndicalism is based on the foundations of libertarian socialism, as formulated by the anti-authoritarian faction of the International Workingmen's Association, while its organisational forms were adopted from revolutionary syndicalism, which was first put into practice by the French labour movement in the early 20th century.

    Anarcho-syndicalism is distinguished from other forms of syndicalism by its anarchist political philosophy, where other syndicalist tendencies distance themselves from anarchism or even deny any political alignment. Other varieties of syndicalism include: the "neutral" revolutionary syndicalism, which separates itself from other political theories; Daniel De Leon's conception of industrial unionism, which infused it with a Marxist influence; and an authoritarian form of syndicalism developed by Georges Sorel, which advocates for vanguardism and mythmaking to drive the masses towards a general strike.

    Anarcho-syndicalism also distinguishes itself from other forms of anarchism, due to its favourability towards industrialisation and organisation. While other forms of anarchism reject economic centralisation and the division of labour, considering the ideal of a stateless society to be one of decentralised, small-scale social units, anarcho-syndicalism foresees trade unions as taking over a large-scale and centralised industrial economy. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that the establishment of a syndicalist system could lead to the withering away of the state and as such to anarchy and communism. Some support the temporary establishment of a collectivist system of distribution "to each according to their contribution", until a state of post-scarcity is achieved, at which point it would give way to an anarchist communist system of distribution "from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs".

    In the contemporary period, anarcho-syndicalism is divided into two main factions: the "orthodox" faction, which rejects any diversity of tactics or collaboration with statist forces, in favour of waiting for the right conditions for a revolutionary situation; and the "revisionist" faction, which is open to participation in systems of social welfare and pursues gradual reforms towards the democratisation of the economy.

    Anti-politics

    Anarcho-syndicalism is an apolitical or anti-political ideology, opposed to the formation of socialist political parties and participation in parliamentary politics. Anarcho-syndicalists argue that socialist participation in politics, rather than moving society closer to socialism, has damaged the labour movement by substituting self-help for representation. They have further criticised socialist parties for abandoning anti-capitalism in favour of nationalism, which they believe to have resulted in the reinforcement of capitalism and the integration of the labour movement into the nation state. To anarcho-syndicalists, political careerism corrupted socialist politicians, while electoralism transformed socialism from a constructive project into a reformist one. Anarcho-syndicalists are thus opposed to unions affiliating with political parties and attempt to prevent the capture of unions by party politicians. From this position, anarcho-syndicalists have denounced Bolshevism as a vehicle for authoritarianism and state capitalism, and criticised social democrats for bureaucratic inaction.

    Trade unionism

    Anarcho-syndicalists see trade unions not only as a means by which workers can organise for immediate improvements to their living and working conditions; but also as a means of training workers for management, with the goal of establishing workers' control over production and the creation of a socialist economy. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that trade unions are better suited for these tasks than socialist political parties, as workers often still require trade unions to protect their rights even under socialist governments. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the vanguard of the labour movement; they believe workers' power resides in the economic sphere, as they are responsible for producing the wealth that society relies upon. For anarcho-syndicalists, trade unions represent the prefiguration of a future socialist economy, the foundation that a new syndicalist society will be built on. Workers' education is therefore at the centre of anarcho-syndicalism, which aims to use trade unions to prepare workers to take over management of the industrial economy.

    Federalism

    Outline of the federal system used by anarcho-syndicalism

    Anarcho-syndicalism organises itself according to the principles of federalism and free association, in which the self-determination of each individual is upheld. Anarcho-syndicalists are staunchly opposed to centralised, hierarchical forms of organisation, which they believe stifle independent initiative with bureaucracy. In anarcho-syndicalist organisations, individual unions carry out their activities on a voluntary basis; for any larger-scale activity that requires delegation, representatives are typically elected for single terms and are paid the same amount as the workers they represent. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that centralism weakens and inhibits workers' capacity to take independent action and make decisions, and that centralised organisations inevitably tend towards inertia and stagnation. In contrast, they believe that federalist organisations provide workers with both the means to take rapid action in individual struggles and also connections that could allow them to establish workers' control of the economy and society in a social revolution.

    According to the anarcho-syndicalist model, federal organisations are built from the bottom-up, on both a territorial and industrial basis: first, workers join together in independent trade unions; the trade unions in a given city or district then combine into a cartel, which act as centres for popular education and build solidarity between workers of different trades; the cartels then group together on a regional basis, up to the national level, providing larger-scale coordination between its member organisations. Under this model, each trade union is also federatively linked with other unions of the same trade and related trades in industrial unions, which allow workers a greater scope of solidarity actions in struggles relevant to their economic sector. Anarcho-syndicalists see this federative form of industrial organisation as the nucleus for the reorganisation of the economy and society, as it would be able to take over the management of production in every economic sector. In such a revolutionary situation, cartels would take over production in their communities, determine the needs of their local population and organise the economy to meet those needs. A national federation would likewise be able to organise production throughout a given country to meet the needs of the entire populace nationwide, while the industrial unions established workers' control over the means of production and transportation.

    Practice

    In contrast to political parties that seek to enhance the political power of states over society, anarcho-syndicalists aim to restrict the ability of the state to act and influence society. Anarcho-syndicalism also seeks to abolish capitalism and replace it with socialism, which it does by lowering the profit margins of business owners and raising the workers' share in the product of their own labour. Anarcho-syndicalists consider the state to be a result of class stratification, established and maintained in order to protect the monopoly of capitalists over the economy. As such, anarcho-syndicalists predict that the dissolution of the state will be an inevitable consequence of the abolition of capitalism. While moving towards this, they also consider it necessary to protect the civil and political rights that workers have achieved from political reaction.

    Anarcho-syndicalism is driven by the practice of direct action, which eschews legalistic methods in favour of workers forcing their employers to make concessions. Methods of direct action include boycotts, sabotage and strike actions, the latter of which syndicalists framed as a "revolutionary drill" to prepare workers for the overthrow of capitalism and the state.

    See also

    References

    1. Damier 2009, p. 5; Hirsch & van der Walt 2010a, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii; Thorpe 1989, pp. 2–14; van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, pp. 153–155.
    2. van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, pp. 155–157.
    3. Damier 2009, pp. 5–7; van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, pp. 157–158.
    4. Damier 2009, p. 7.
    5. Damier 2009, pp. 13–14; Rocker 1989, pp. 132–134.
    6. Damier 2009, pp. 15–16; Rocker 1989, pp. 132–133; Thorpe 1989, p. 25.
    7. Damier 2009, pp. 15–16; Thorpe 1989, p. 26.
    8. Damier 2009, pp. 16–17.
    9. Damier 2009, pp. 17–20; Thorpe 1989, pp. 38–48.
    10. Damier 2009, pp. 20–22; Rocker 1989, pp. 135–137.
    11. Damier 2009, p. 22.
    12. Damier 2009, pp. 24–30.
    13. Damier 2009, pp. 30–32; Thorpe 1989, pp. 31–32.
    14. Damier 2009, pp. 33–37.
    15. Damier 2009, pp. 37–41; Thorpe 1989, pp. 31–83.
    16. Damier 2009, p. 42; Thorpe 1989, pp. 88–90.
    17. Damier 2009, p. 46.
    18. Damier 2009, pp. 46–47; Thorpe 1989, pp. 106–116.
    19. Damier 2009, pp. 47–63.
    20. Damier 2009, pp. 64–93.
    21. Damier 2009, pp. 94–118.
    22. Damier 2009, pp. 119–184.
    23. Damier 2009, pp. 185–189.
    24. Damier 2009, pp. 191–193; Hirsch & van der Walt 2010b, pp. 402–403.
    25. Damier 2009, pp. 193–195.
    26. Damier 2009, pp. 195–196.
    27. Damier 2009, pp. 196–198.
    28. Damier 2009, pp. 198–199.
    29. Damier 2009, pp. 198–199; Hirsch & van der Walt 2010b, pp. 403–404.
    30. Damier 2009, pp. 199–200; Hirsch & van der Walt 2010b, pp. 395, 407–408.
    31. Damier 2009, pp. 200–202; Hirsch & van der Walt 2010b, pp. 395–396.
    32. Rocker 1989, p. 82.
    33. van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, p. 142.
    34. Damier 2009, pp. 31–34, 46; van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, pp. 142–143.
    35. Rocker 1989, p. 137; van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, p. 143.
    36. Damier 2009, p. 28.
    37. Damier 2009, pp. 25–26.
    38. Damier 2009, p. 26.
    39. Damier 2009, pp. 26–27.
    40. Damier 2009, pp. 27–28.
    41. Damier 2009, pp. 194–197.
    42. ^ van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, pp. 142–143.
    43. Rocker 1989, pp. 82–83; van der Walt & Schmidt 2009, pp. 142–143.
    44. Rocker 1989, p. 83.
    45. Rocker 1989, pp. 83–84.
    46. Rocker 1989, pp. 84–85.
    47. Damier 2009, pp. 24–25; Rocker 1989, p. 86.
    48. Rocker 1989, pp. 86–88.
    49. Rocker 1989, pp. 88–89.
    50. Rocker 1989, p. 89; van der Walt 2018, pp. 250–251.
    51. Rocker 1989, pp. 89–90.
    52. Rocker 1989, p. 90.
    53. Rocker 1989, pp. 90–91; van der Walt 2018, p. 252.
    54. Rocker 1989, pp. 91–92.
    55. Rocker 1989, pp. 92–93.
    56. Rocker 1989, p. 93.
    57. Damier 2009, p. 25; Rocker 1989, pp. 93–94; van der Walt 2018, p. 260.
    58. Rocker 1989, pp. 93–94.
    59. Rocker 1989, p. 94.
    60. Damier 2009, p. 25; Rocker 1989, p. 94.
    61. Rocker 1989, pp. 94–95.
    62. Rocker 1989, pp. 109–110.
    63. Rocker 1989, p. 110.
    64. Rocker 1989, pp. 110–111.
    65. Damier 2009, p. 23.
    66. Damier 2009, pp. 23–24.

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