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{{short description|A landlocked body of water that contains concentrations of salts greater than the sea}} {{short description|Landlocked body of water that contains concentrations of salts greater than the sea}}
], the most saline lake outside of Antarctica]] ], one of the most saline lakes outside of Antarctica]]


{{water salinity}}A '''hypersaline lake''' is a landlocked ] that contains significant ]s of ] or other ], with ] levels surpassing that of ] (3.5%, i.e. {{convert|35|g/L|lb/USgal|disp=or}}). Specific microbial and crustacean species thrive in these high-salinity environments<ref name=Hammer1986/> that are inhospitable to most lifeforms. Some of these species enter a dormant state when ], and some species are thought to survive for over 250 million years.<ref name=Vreeland/> The water of hypersaline lakes has great buoyancy due to its high salt content. {{water salinity}}A '''hypersaline lake''' is a landlocked ] that contains significant ]s of ], ]s, and other ], with ] levels surpassing those of ] (3.5%, i.e. {{convert|35|g/L|lb/USgal|disp=or}}).


Specific microbial species can thrive in high-salinity environments<ref name=Hammer1986/> that are inhospitable to most lifeforms,<ref name=Vreeland/> including some that are thought to contribute to the color of ]s.<ref name=cassella>{{cite web | last=Cassella | first=Carly | title=How an Australian lake turned bubble-gum pink | website=Australian Geographic | date=13 December 2016 | url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2016/12/australias-pink-lakes/ | access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=ie2018>{{cite web | last=McFadden | first=Christopher | title=Lake Hillier: Australia's Pink Lake and the Story Behind It | website=Interesting Engineering | date=24 July 2018 | url=https://interestingengineering.com/lake-hillier-australias-pink-lake-and-the-story-behind-it | access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> Some of these species enter a dormant state when ], and some species are thought to survive for over 250 million years.<ref name=Vreeland/>
The most saline water body in the world is the ], located in the ] in ]. Its volume is some 3,000 cubic meters, but is constantly changing. The Don Juan Pond has a salinity level of over 44%,<ref name=Marion97/> (i.e. 12 times saltier than ocean water). Its high salinity prevents the Don Juan from freezing even when temperatures are below {{convert|-50|C|F}}.<ref name=Marion97/> There are larger hypersaline water bodies, lakes in the ] such as ] with salinity of over 35% (i.e. 10 times saltier than ocean water). They are covered with ice in the ].


The water in hypersaline lakes has great ] due to its high salt content.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=How It Works|date=2014-04-10|title=Can you float in the Great Salt Lake?|url=https://www.howitworksdaily.com/can-you-float-in-the-dead-sea/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=How It Works|language=en-GB}}</ref>
⚫ The most ] outside of Antarctica is ],<ref name=Quinn2015/> in ], which has a salinity of 34.8% (i.e. 10 times saltier than ocean water). Probably the best-known hypersaline lakes are the ] (34.2% salinity in 2010) and the ] in the state of ], USA (5–27% variable salinity). The Dead Sea, dividing ] and the Palestinian West Bank from ], is the world's deepest hypersaline lake, and the ] in ] is the world's largest.<ref name=EncBr1986/> The Great Salt Lake, located in ], while having nearly three times the surface area of the Dead Sea, is shallower and experiences much greater fluctuations in salinity than the Dead Sea. At its lowest recorded levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than the ocean.<ref name=Wilkerson/><ref name=Allred/><ref name=Kjeldsen/>


Hypersaline lakes are found on every continent, especially in arid or semi-arid regions.<ref name=Hammer1986/> The ] contains two ]s that are hypersaline.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Muzyka|first1=Kyle|title=Super salty lakes discovered in Canadian Arctic could provide window into life beyond Earth|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/university-alberta-scientist-subglacial-lakes-canada-arctic-1.4614626|accessdate=11 April 2018|work=]|date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Hypersaline lakes are found on every continent, especially in ] or ].<ref name=Hammer1986/>
In the ], the Canadian ] contains two ]s that are hypersaline.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Muzyka|first1=Kyle|title=Super salty lakes discovered in Canadian Arctic could provide window into life beyond Earth|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/university-alberta-scientist-subglacial-lakes-canada-arctic-1.4614626|access-date=11 April 2018|work=]|date=11 April 2018}}</ref> In ], there are larger hypersaline water bodies, lakes in the ] such as ] with salinity of over 35% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

⚫ The most saline water body in the world is the ], located in the ] in ], Ethiopia. The water of Gaet'ale Pond has a ] of 43%, making it the ]<ref name=perez>{{cite journal|last1=Perez|first1=Eduardo|last2=Chebude |first2=Yonas |title=Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale, a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression (Ethiopia): New Record for the Most Saline Water Body on Earth|journal=Aquatic Geochemistry|date=April 2017|volume=23|issue=2 |pages=109–117|doi=10.1007/s10498-017-9312-z|bibcode=2017AqGeo..23..109P |s2cid=132715553}}</ref> (i.e. 12 times as salty as ocean water). Previously, it was considered that the most ] outside of Antarctica was ],<ref name=Quinn2015/> in ], which has a salinity of 34.8% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water). The best-known hypersaline lakes are the ] (34.2% salinity in 2010) and the ] in the state of ], US (5–27% variable salinity). The ], dividing ] and the ] from ], is the world's deepest hypersaline lake. The Great Salt Lake, while having nearly three times the surface area of the Dead Sea, is shallower and experiences much greater fluctuations in salinity. At its lowest recorded water levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than that of the ocean.<ref name=Wilkerson/><ref name=Allred/><ref name=Kjeldsen/>


==See also== ==See also==
* {{annotated link|Brine pool}} * {{annotated link|Brine pool}}
* {{annotated link|Halocline}} * {{annotated link|Halocline}}
* ] – organism that thrives in high salt concentrations
* {{annotated link|Halophile}}
* {{annotated link|List of bodies of water by salinity}} * ]
* {{annotated link|Salt lake}} * ]
* ] – one with a concentration of salts and minerals significantly higher than most lakes
* {{portal-inline|Lakes}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|refs= {{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Hammer1986>{{cite book |last=Hammer |first=Ulrich T. |title=Saline lake ecosystems of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdvPFm6SyoC&pg=PA315&dq=Lovenula&ei=KkFMSZHSGqWQkATs0cSSDw#PPA39,M1 |year=1986 |publisher=Springer |isbn=90-6193-535-0}}</ref> <ref name=Hammer1986>{{cite book |last=Hammer |first=Ulrich T. |title=Saline lake ecosystems of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOdvPFm6SyoC&q=Lovenula&pg=PA315 |year=1986 |publisher=Springer |isbn=90-6193-535-0}}</ref>
<ref name=Vreeland>{{Cite journal |last=Vreeland |first=R.H. |last2=Rosenzweig |first2=W.D. |last3=Powers |first3=D.W. |year=2000 |title=Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal |journal=Nature |volume=407 |pages=897–900 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v407/n6806/abs/407897a0.html |doi=10.1038/35038060 |pmid=11057666 |issue=6806|last-author-amp=yes}}</ref> <ref name=Vreeland>{{Cite journal |last1=Vreeland |first1=R.H. |last2=Rosenzweig |first2=W.D. |last3=Powers |first3=D.W. |year=2000 |title=Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal |journal=Nature |volume=407 |pages=897–900 |doi=10.1038/35038060 |pmid=11057666 |issue=6806|bibcode=2000Natur.407..897V |s2cid=9879073 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
<ref name=Marion97>{{cite journal |first=G.M. |last=Marion |title=A theoretical evaluation of mineral stability in Don Juan Pond, Wright Valley, Victoria Land |journal=Antarctic Science |volume=9 |pages=92–99 |year=1997 |doi=10.1017/S0954102097000114 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=220255}}</ref>
<ref name=Quinn2015>{{cite book |editor-last1=Quinn |editor-first1=Joyce A. |editor-last2=Woodward |editor-first2=Susan L.|title=Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features &#91;2 volumes&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |year=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-446-9 |page=9}}</ref> <ref name=Quinn2015>{{cite book |editor-last1=Quinn |editor-first1=Joyce A. |editor-last2=Woodward |editor-first2=Susan L.|title=Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features &#91;2 volumes&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErkxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |year=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-446-9 |page=9}}</ref>
<ref name=EncBr1986>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Goetz |editor-first=P.W. |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |volume=3 |page=937 |year=1986}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=EncBr1986>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Goetz |editor-first=P.W. |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |volume=3 |page=937 |year=1986}}</ref> -->
<ref name=Wilkerson>{{cite web|first=Christine |last=Wilkerson |url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg9.htm |title=Utah's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville, PI39 – Utah Geological Survey |publisher=Geology.utah.gov |accessdate=2010-08-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815024315/http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg9.htm |archivedate=2010-08-15 |df= }}</ref> <ref name=Wilkerson>{{cite web|first=Christine |last=Wilkerson |url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg9.htm |title=Utah's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville, PI39 – Utah Geological Survey |publisher=Geology.utah.gov |access-date=2010-08-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815024315/http://geology.utah.gov/online/PI-39/pi39pg9.htm |archive-date=2010-08-15 }}</ref>
<ref name=Allred>{{cite web | url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/hypersaline/index.html |title=Microbial life in hypersaline environments |last=Allred |first=Ashley |last2=Baxter |first2=Bonnie |publisher=Science Education Resource Center at ] |accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref> <ref name=Allred>{{cite web | url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/hypersaline/index.html |title=Microbial life in hypersaline environments |last1=Allred |first1=Ashley |last2=Baxter |first2=Bonnie |publisher=Science Education Resource Center at ] |access-date=2010-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name=Kjeldsen>{{cite journal | pmid=17367515 | title=Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria from an extreme hypersaline sediment, Great Salt Lake (Utah) |last1=Kjeldsen |first1=K.U. |last2=Loy |first2=A. |last3=Jakobsen |first3=T.F. |last4=Thomsen |first4=T.R. |last5=Wagner |first5=M. |last6=Ingvorsen |first6=K. |publisher=], ] |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00288.x |volume=60 |issue=2 |date=May 2007 |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. |pages=287–298 |display-authors=4}}</ref> <ref name=Kjeldsen>{{cite journal | pmid=17367515 | title=Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria from an extreme hypersaline sediment, Great Salt Lake (Utah) |last1=Kjeldsen |first1=K.U. |last2=Loy |first2=A. |last3=Jakobsen |first3=T.F. |last4=Thomsen |first4=T.R. |last5=Wagner |first5=M. |last6=Ingvorsen |first6=K. |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00288.x |volume=60 |issue=2 |date=May 2007 |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. |pages=287–298 |display-authors=4|doi-access=free | bibcode=2007FEMME..60..287K }}</ref>
}} }}


Latest revision as of 20:50, 14 November 2024

Landlocked body of water that contains concentrations of salts greater than the sea
Lake Assal, one of the most saline lakes outside of Antarctica
Part of a series on
Water salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5% up to 26%–28% max)
Bodies of water

A hypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrations of sodium chloride, brines, and other salts, with saline levels surpassing those of ocean water (3.5%, i.e. 35 grams per litre or 0.29 pounds per US gallon).

Specific microbial species can thrive in high-salinity environments that are inhospitable to most lifeforms, including some that are thought to contribute to the color of pink lakes. Some of these species enter a dormant state when desiccated, and some species are thought to survive for over 250 million years.

The water in hypersaline lakes has great buoyancy due to its high salt content.

Hypersaline lakes are found on every continent, especially in arid or semi-arid regions.

In the Arctic, the Canadian Devon Ice Cap contains two subglacial lakes that are hypersaline. In Antarctica, there are larger hypersaline water bodies, lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys such as Lake Vanda with salinity of over 35% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water).

The most saline water body in the world is the Gaet'ale Pond, located in the Danakil Depression in Afar, Ethiopia. The water of Gaet'ale Pond has a salinity of 43%, making it the saltiest water body on Earth (i.e. 12 times as salty as ocean water). Previously, it was considered that the most saline lake outside of Antarctica was Lake Assal, in Djibouti, which has a salinity of 34.8% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water). The best-known hypersaline lakes are the Dead Sea (34.2% salinity in 2010) and the Great Salt Lake in the state of Utah, US (5–27% variable salinity). The Dead Sea, dividing Israel and the West Bank from Jordan, is the world's deepest hypersaline lake. The Great Salt Lake, while having nearly three times the surface area of the Dead Sea, is shallower and experiences much greater fluctuations in salinity. At its lowest recorded water levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than that of the ocean.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hammer, Ulrich T. (1986). Saline lake ecosystems of the world. Springer. ISBN 90-6193-535-0.
  2. ^ Vreeland, R.H.; Rosenzweig, W.D. & Powers, D.W. (2000). "Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal". Nature. 407 (6806): 897–900. Bibcode:2000Natur.407..897V. doi:10.1038/35038060. PMID 11057666. S2CID 9879073.
  3. Cassella, Carly (13 December 2016). "How an Australian lake turned bubble-gum pink". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  4. McFadden, Christopher (24 July 2018). "Lake Hillier: Australia's Pink Lake and the Story Behind It". Interesting Engineering. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  5. Team, How It Works (2014-04-10). "Can you float in the Great Salt Lake?". How It Works. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  6. Muzyka, Kyle (11 April 2018). "Super salty lakes discovered in Canadian Arctic could provide window into life beyond Earth". CBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  7. Perez, Eduardo; Chebude, Yonas (April 2017). "Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale, a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression (Ethiopia): New Record for the Most Saline Water Body on Earth". Aquatic Geochemistry. 23 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2017AqGeo..23..109P. doi:10.1007/s10498-017-9312-z. S2CID 132715553.
  8. Quinn, Joyce A.; Woodward, Susan L., eds. (2015). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-61069-446-9.
  9. Wilkerson, Christine. "Utah's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville, PI39 – Utah Geological Survey". Geology.utah.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
  10. Allred, Ashley; Baxter, Bonnie. "Microbial life in hypersaline environments". Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  11. Kjeldsen, K.U.; Loy, A.; Jakobsen, T.F.; Thomsen, T.R.; et al. (May 2007). "Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria from an extreme hypersaline sediment, Great Salt Lake (Utah)". FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 60 (2): 287–298. Bibcode:2007FEMME..60..287K. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00288.x. PMID 17367515.
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