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| {{speciesbox | |||
| | name = ''Ammosaurus'' | |||
| | fossil_range = ]-] | |||
| | image = Ammosaurus major.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = Illustration of the foot bones | |||
| | display_parents = 2 | |||
| | genus = Ammosaurus | |||
| | parent_authority = ], 1891 | |||
| | species = major | |||
| | authority = (Marsh, 1889) | |||
| | synonyms = | |||
| * '''''] major''''' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> | |||
| }} | |||
| '''''Ammosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|m|oʊ-|ˈ|s|ɔːr|ə|s}}; "sand lizard") is a ] of ] ] from the Early and Middle ] Period of ]. At 4 meters (13 feet) in length, it was small compared to some other members of its suborder, which included the ] ever to walk the ]. It was a versatile animal, able to move both ]ally and ]ally{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}, and may have been ]. Remains have been discovered outside ] but these are only tentatively, if at all, referred to ''Ammosaurus''. | |||
| {{R from alternative scientific name}} | |||
| ==Naming== | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| The generic name ''Ammosaurus'' is derived from the ] words "ἄμμος" ("''ammos"'' as "sandy ground") and "''sauros"'' ("lizard"), referring to the ] in which it was found and its reptilian nature. There is one currently valid species (''Ammosaurus major''), which is so named because it is larger than ''Anchisaurus'', of which it was originally considered a second species, ''Anchisaurus major''. Famous ] ] ] created this ] in 1889.<ref name=ocmarsh>Marsh, O.C. (1889).</ref> In 1891, Marsh created the new genus ''Ammosaurus'' for this species.<ref name=marsh91>Marsh, O.C. (1891).</ref> He subsequently named another species of ''Anchisaurus'' in 1892: ''Anchisaurus solus'', based on a juvenile specimen, YPM 209, from the same quarry ''Ammosaurus major'' was found in. In 1932 ] renamed this to ''Ammosaurus solus''. Scientists now consider it ] with ''Ammosaurus major''.<ref name=galton71/> | |||
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| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ===Synonym with ''Anchisaurus''?=== | |||
| The relationships of ''Ammosaurus'' with other dinosaurs are highly uncertain at this time. It is an early member of the suborder ] and is most closely related to '']'', with which it may actually be synonymous. Different paleontologists consider ''Anchisaurus'' to be either a ] ],<ref name=galton04/> a basal ],<ref name=yates03>Yates, A.M., Kitching, J.W. (2003).</ref><ref name=yates>Yates, A.M. (2004).</ref> or a sauropodomorph more derived than prosauropods but outside of Sauropoda.<ref name=AMY10>{{cite journal |last=Yates |first=Adam M. |year=2010 |title=A revision of the problematic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from Manchester, Connecticut and the status of ''Anchisaurus'' Marsh |pages=739–752 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=53 |issue = 4 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00952.x}}</ref> | |||
| Marsh originally described ''Ammosaurus major'' as ''Anchisaurus major'', although he removed it to its own new genus only two years later.<ref name=marsh91/> However, some recent studies have suggested that ''Ammosaurus'' and ''Anchisaurus'' are the same animal after all (Sereno, 1999).<ref name=yates/> Other scientists prefer to keep the two genera separate due to anatomical differences in the ] and hind foot, although the two animals are still considered ].<ref name=galton04/> | |||
| ==Fossil discoveries== | |||
| ]s of ''Ammosaurus'' were originally discovered in the ] of the ] in the U.S. state of ]. This ] preserves an arid environment with strong wet and dry seasons, from the ] through to ] stages of the Early Jurassic Period, roughly 190 to 176 million years ago. The original specimens were recovered from a sandstone ], which was used in the construction of the ] in Connecticut. In fact, the ] specimen, YPM 208, was on 20 October 1884 discovered by quarry workers. Unfortunately, it consists of only the rear half of the skeleton, as the block containing the front half had already been installed in the bridge when Marsh procured the fossil.<ref name=ocmarsh/> In August 1969, the bridge was ], and some ''Ammosaurus'' remains, later catalogued as YPM 6282, were recovered by a team organised by ]. Three other incomplete skeletons of different ages are also known from Connecticut, but there is no known ].<ref name=weishampelandyoung>Weishampel, D.B. & Young, L.O. (1996).</ref> ''Ammosaurus'' is still found in ] stage deposits of North America, making it one of the few "prosauropod" genera to survive into the ].<ref name=weishampeletal>Weishampel, D.B. ''et al.''. (2004).</ref> | |||
| ===''Ammosaurus'' outside Connecticut=== | |||
| ''Ammosaurus'' remains have been reported from other parts of North America, but may not represent the species ''A. major'', if they even represent the genus at all.<ref name=fedak/> | |||
| The ] of ] is the same age as the Portland Formation, and has produced ] remains that have been referred to as ''Ammosaurus''.<ref name=galton71>Galton, P.M. (1971).</ref> However, it is possible that these actually belong to the genus '']'', otherwise known only from ].<ref name=galton04>Galton, P.M., Upchurch, P. (2004).</ref> | |||
| In the eastern ] province of ], scientists have unearthed prosauropods from the ], which is about 200 to 197 million years old, from the Early Jurassic ] stage. The Nova Scotia material provides clues about the diet of these animals. A large number of ]s, stones swallowed to grind up plant material in the gut, were found in the ], as well as bone from the skull of a small ], '']''. This indicates that these dinosaurs were omnivorous, with a diet mainly consisting of plants but with an occasional supplement of meat.<ref name=shubin>Shubin, N.H. ''et al.'' (1994).</ref> However, these remains have never been fully described or illustrated and were only tentatively referred to ''Ammosaurus''. A further study identified them as a new taxon of sauropodomorph, '']''.<ref name=fedak>Fedak, T.J. (2007).</ref> | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Fedak, T. J. (2007). Description and evolutionary significance of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the early Jurassic (Hettangian) McCoy Brook Formation. Ph.D. dissertation. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University. | |||
| *{{cite journal | last1 = Galton | first1 = P.M. | year = 1971 | title = The prosauropod dinosaur ''Ammosaurus'', the crocodile ''Postosuchus'', and their bearing on the age of the ''Navajo Sandstone'' of Northeastern Arizona | url = | journal = Journal of Palaeontology | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 781–795 }} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Galton|first=P.M. |author2=P. Upchurch|year=2004|chapter=Prosauropoda|editor= Weishampel, D.B. |editor2=Dodson, P |editor3=Osmolska, H. |title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd |location=Berkeley|publisher= University of California Press|pages=232–258}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first= O.C.|year= 1889|title=Notice of new American dinosaurs|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=3|issue=37|pages=331–336}} | |||
| *{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first= O.C.|year= 1891|title=Notice of new vertebrate fossils| journal =American Journal of Science|volume=3|issue= 42|pages=265–269}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Shubin|first=N.H.|author2=P.E. Olson |author3=H.-D. Sues|year=1994|chapter=Early Jurassic small tetrapods from the McCoy Brook Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada|editor=Fraser, N.C. |editor2=Sues, H.-D.|title=In the Shadow of Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods|location=Cambridge|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=244–250}} | |||
| *Weishampel, D.B. & Young, L.O. (1996). ''Dinosaurs of the East Coast''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 275 pp. | |||
| *Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., Osmólska, H. (eds.) (2004). ''The Dinosauria, Second Edition''. University of California Press., 861 pp. | |||
| *{{cite journal | jstor = 3592241 | pages = 1753–1758 | last1 = Yates | first1 = A. M. | last2 = Kitching | first2 = J. W. | title = The Earliest Known Sauropod Dinosaur and the First Steps towards Sauropod Locomotion | volume = 270 | issue = 1525 | journal = Proceedings: Biological Sciences | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2003.2417 | pmid=12965005 | pmc=1691423}} | |||
| *Yates, A. M. (2004). ''Anchisaurus polyzelus'' (Hitchcock): the smallest known sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of gigantism among sauropodomorph dinosaurs. ''Postilla'' 230: 1-58. {{OCLC|492650896}} | |||
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