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| {{For|the island in Australia|Ellis Island (Queensland)}} | |||
| {{Infobox Historic Site | |||
| | name = Ellis Island | |||
| | image = Ellis Island-27527.jpg|thumb|left|300px | |||
| | caption = Ellis Island Immigration Museum | |||
| | elevation = {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Ellis Island - Hudson County, New Jersey.|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=150:3:1417806468087358::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:876159,Ellis%20Island|work= |publisher=USGS|accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> | |||
| | location = ] and<br>New York City | |||
| | lat_degrees = 40 | |||
| | lat_minutes = 41 | |||
| | lat_seconds = 58.4 | |||
| | lat_direction = N | |||
| | long_degrees = 74 | |||
| | long_minutes = 2 | |||
| | long_seconds = 22.5 | |||
| | long_direction = W | |||
| | locmapin = New York City | |||
| | map_caption = Location in ] | |||
| | cord_parameters = region:US-NY_type:landmark_scale:5000 | |||
| | cord_display = inline, title | |||
| | cord_format = dms | |||
| | built = 1900 (Main Building)| architect= ]<br>] | |||
| | architecture= ] | |||
| | area = {{convert|27.5|acre|ha}} | |||
| | visitation_num = | |||
| | visitation_year = | |||
| | governing_body = ] | |||
| | url = http://www.nps.gov/elis/ | |||
| | designation2 = NRHP | |||
| | designation2_offname = ] | |||
| | designation2_date = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> | |||
| | designation2_number = 66000058 | |||
| | designation3 = NMON | |||
| | designation3_date = added October 15, 1965<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=75266|title=Proclamation 3656 - Adding Ellis Island to the Statue of Liberty National Monument | |||
| |date=2010-04-05|work=|publisher=}}</ref> | |||
| | designation3_offname = ] | |||
| | designation3_free1value = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Ellis Island''' was the gateway for millions of ] to the United States and was the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. The island in ] was greatly expanded with ] between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a ]. The island was made part of the ] in 1965, and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990. A 1998 ] decision found most of the island to be part of ]. | |||
| ==Geography and access== | |||
| Ellis Island is located in ] and is situated in the ] east of ] and north of ].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Hagstrom Map Company, Inc| isbn = 0-8809-7763-9| title = Hudson County New Jersey Street Map| year = 2010}}</ref> The island has a land area of {{convert|27.5|acre|ha}}, most of which was created through ]. The original portion of the island is {{convert|3.3|acre}} and is an ] of New York City, while reclaimed areas are part of Jersey City. The entire island has been owned and administered by the U.S. ] since 1808. It is currently operated by the ]. | |||
| Public access is by ferry from either ] in Liberty State Park (]) or from ] at the southern tip of ]. The same ferry routes provide service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.<ref></ref> A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park, but is not open to the public. Proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time, ].<ref>Setha Low, Dana Taplin, Suzanne Sheld (2005) '', ]; chapter 4.</ref> Since ], the island is guarded by patrols of the ] Marine Patrol Unit. | |||
| == Ownership == | |||
| Originally much of the west shore of ] consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast ], a major source of food for the ] population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide but most of them were submerged. Three of them (later to be known as ], ] and Ellis) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of ], the first European colony in the ] states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries.<ref> | |||
| {{Cite book | |||
| | last = Kurlansky | |||
| | first = Mark | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = The Big Oyster | |||
| | publisher = Random House Trade paerpbacks | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | isbn = 978-0-345-47639-5}}</ref><ref>, March 1, 2006, accessed March 16, 2008</ref> ] to build the railyards of the ] and the ] would eventually obliterate the beds, engulf one island and bring the shoreline much closer to the others.<ref name="supreme.justia.com"></ref> During the Colonial period Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as ] Island.<ref></ref> It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker possibly from ], around the time of the American Revolution. In 1785 he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:<ref>, via </ref> {{quote|TO BE SOLD<br />By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;... |Samuel Ellis advertising in ''Loudon's New York-Packet'', January 20, 1785}} | |||
| ] leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Logan | first = Andy | authorlink = | coauthors = McCarten, John | title = Invasion from Jersey | work = Talk of the Town | publisher = The New Yorker | date = January 14, 1956 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1956/01/14/1956_01_14_019_TNY_CARDS_000252353 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2011-02-14}}</ref> Shortly thereafter the War Department established a twenty-gun battery, magazine, and barracks.<ref>, New York State Military Museum</ref> From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. At the end of the ], Fort Gibson was built and the island remained a military post for nearly 80 years<ref name="National Park Service: Ellis Island"></ref> before it was selected to be a federal immigration station. | |||
| ==Immigrant Inspection Station== | |||
| {{See also|Immigration to the United States}} | |||
| ] | |||
| In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, over eight million immigrants arriving in ] had been processed by ] officials at ] in lower Manhattan, just across the bay.<ref name="National Park Service: Ellis Island"/> The Federal Government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890 and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first Federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and ] was hauled in from incoming ships' ] and from construction of New York City's ] tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the ] was used for immigrant processing. | |||
| The first federal immigrant inspection station was an enormous three-story tall structure, with out-buildings, built of Georgia pine, containing all of the amentities that were thought to be necessary. It opened with celebration on January 1, 1892.<ref>, date of arrival: January 2, 1892, retrieved 2011-03-23</ref> Three large ships landed on the first day and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station on Ellis Island. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.<ref>, downloaded 2011-03-23</ref> | |||
| ] showing immigrants disembarking from the steam ferryboat ''William Myers'', July 9, 1903]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] and ] won the 1897 competition to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).<ref>{{Citation | last = Mausolf | first = Lisa B. | coauthors = Elizabeth Durfee Hengen | title = Edward Lippincott Tilton: A Monograph on His Architectural Practice | year = 2007 | url = http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/peabody/about/Tiltonmonograph.pdf | accessdate = 2011-09-28 | quote =}}</ref> | |||
| The present main structure was designed in French ] style and built of red brick with limestone trim. When it opened on December 17, 1900, officials estimated 5,000 immigrants per day would be processed. However, the facilities proved to be able to barely handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years just before World War I. Writer ] came to America from ] in southeastern Europe in 1913 and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people. | |||
| After its opening, Ellis Island was expanded with landfill and additional structures were built. By the time it closed in 1954, twelve million immigrants had been processed by the ].<ref></ref> It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the ], located just across a narrow strait.<ref name="Jersey City Past and Present"></ref><ref></ref> Others would have used one of the other terminals along the ] at that time.<ref>{{Cite book | |||
| | last = Cunningham | |||
| | first = John T. | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center | |||
| | publisher = Arcadia Publishing | |||
| | year = 2003 | |||
| | location = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=OyL6JatN5KwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Island+of+Hope,+Island+of+Tears&source=gbs_book_similarbooks#v=onepage&q=Island%20of%20Hope%2C%20Island%20of%20Tears&f=false | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | isbn = 9780738524283}}</ref> | |||
| The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000">, Ellis Island Foundation, 2000</ref> After the ] was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were displaced persons or war ].<ref>''The Brown Quarterly'', </ref> Today, over 100 million Americans - one third of the population - can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country. | |||
| Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government that the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars. Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's ] for long periods of time. More than three thousand would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge". About 2 percent were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.<ref>, retrieved January 12, 2006.</ref> Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"<ref>Davis, Kenneth (2003), ''Don't Know Much About American History'', HarperTrophy, ISBN 0-06-440836-1 ("Isle of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island", p. 123)</ref> because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs and kisses.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| During World War I, the German sabotage of the ] ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the current barrel-vaulted ceiling of the Main Hall. | |||
| ] awaiting deportation, 1920]] | |||
| ===Detention and deportation station=== | |||
| After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing station.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /><ref>{{Citation | last = Jaynes | first = Gregory | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = American Scene: From Ellis Island to LAX | newspaper = TIME | pages = | year = | date = July 8, 1985 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959576-4,00.html | accessdate = 2011-03-06 | quote = }}</ref> | |||
| During and immediately following World War II Ellis Island was used to ] - American civilians or immigrants detained for fear of spying, sabotage, etc. Some 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be detained at Ellis Island.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /> It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants a year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands a year who arrived before the war. After the war immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /> | |||
| Noted entertainers who performed for detained aliens and for U.S. and allied servicemen at the island included ], ], ], and ] and orchestra. | |||
| The ] barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration law and policies, only 30 detainees remained.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /> | |||
| One of the last detainees was the ] separatist ] who, while a student in New York in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious ] movement.<ref name="Kopassus">{{cite book | last = Kenneth Conboy| authorlink = | title = Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces|edition= November 16, 2002| publisher = Equinox Publishing| isbn= 9799589886|page= 352}}</ref> Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien".<ref name="Kopassus"/> | |||
| === Staff === | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| The station's commissioners were: | |||
| # 1890–1893 ] (Republican) | |||
| # 1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat) | |||
| # 1897–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican) | |||
| # 1902–1905 William Williams (Republican) | |||
| # 1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican) | |||
| # 1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term | |||
| # 1914–1919 ] (Democrat) | |||
| # 1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat) | |||
| # 1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican) | |||
| # 1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican) | |||
| # 1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican) | |||
| # 1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican) | |||
| # 1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat) | |||
| # 1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl | |||
| # 1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins | |||
| # 1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy | |||
| Other notable officials at Ellis Island included Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), ] (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Safford (surgeon), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon), ] (surgeon), ] (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), ] (interpreter), and Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector). | |||
| Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (]), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (]), Rev. Georg Doring (German ]), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed (]), Michael Lodsin (]), Brigadier Thomas Johnson (]), Ludmila K. Foxlee (]), Athena Marmaroff (]), ] (]), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky (]). | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Records=== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{see also|Ellis Island Special}} | |||
| A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.<ref>", Ancestry.com. Retrieved 2010-09-29.</ref> In fact, no historical records bear this out. Federal immigration inspectors were under strict supervision and were more interested in preventing inadmissible aliens from entering the country (for which they were held accountable) than in assisting them in trivial personal matters such as altering their names. The inspectors used the passenger lists given to them by the ] companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the ], the ], the ], the ], the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the ], the ], and the ].<ref></ref><ref> American Names / Declaring Independence, Marian L. Smith, INS Historian, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, last updated January 20, 2006, accessed May 22, 2007</ref> The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly due to the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.<ref>"", FamilyEduction.com. Retrieved 2009-02-20. Excerpted from ''The ] to Genealogy'' by Christine Rose and Kay Germain Ingalls, 2005.</ref> | |||
| === Medical inspections === | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| <!-- Deleted image removed: ] on Ellis Island]] --> | |||
| To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the ] operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the ]. It was the largest marine hospital in the nation. The medical division, which was active both in the hospital and the Great Hall, was staffed by uniformed military surgeons. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the ] to examine aliens for signs of eye diseases (particularly, ]) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were ]ed on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants entered the country only by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.<ref>.{{dead link|date=November 2010}} Retrieved April 21, 2007.</ref> | |||
| The symbols used were: | |||
| * '''B''' – ] | |||
| * '''C''' - ] | |||
| * '''CT''' – ] | |||
| * '''E''' – ] | |||
| * '''F''' – ] | |||
| * '''FT''' – ] | |||
| * '''G''' – ] | |||
| * '''H''' – ] | |||
| * '''K''' – ] | |||
| * '''L''' – ] | |||
| * '''N''' – ] | |||
| * '''P''' – ] and ] | |||
| * '''PG''' – ] | |||
| * '''S''' – ] | |||
| * '''SC''' – ] (]) | |||
| * '''SI''' – Special ] | |||
| * '''X''' – Suspected ] | |||
| * '''X (circled)''' – Definite signs of Mental defect | |||
| === Notable immigrants === | |||
| {{See|List of notable Ellis Island immigrants}} | |||
| The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was ], a 15-year-old girl from ], Ireland, who arrived on the ship ''Nevada'' on January 1, 1892.<ref>, date of arrival: January 2, 1892, ship: ''Nevada'' from Queenstownand], retrieved 2011-03-23</ref> She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a ]. It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.<ref>. Retrieved April 21, 2007.</ref> The last person to pass through Ellis Island was a Norwegian merchant seaman by the name of Arne Peterssen in 1954. | |||
| ==Immigration museum== | |||
| The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.<ref></ref> | |||
| Architects ] and ] received a gold medal at the ] for the building's design. The architecture competition was the second under the ], which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the ] to design federal buildings.<ref>Lee, Antoinette J., '''', Oxford University Press, USA. 2000-04-20. ISBN 0-19-512822-2</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were all but abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of ]. It was listed on the ] on October 15, 1966. | |||
| ] based architecture firm ], together with the New York architectural firm ], designed the restoration and adaptive use of the ] Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser ].<ref name =IFES>{{cite press release| publisher = International Foundation for Electoral Systems|date=30 November 2009 | url = http://www.ifes.org/publication/ae70d81d78fa5026d8fca4e6fb92b5c3/Stewart_PR.pdf | title = World's Premier Election Assistance NGO Appoints Chief Operating Officer: Top Republican strategist and fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart, III to join the International Foundation for Electoral Systems| accessdate = December 5, 2009}}</ref> The building reopened on September 10, 1990.<ref></ref> Exhibits include ''Hearing Room'', ''Peak Immigration Years'', the ''Peopling of America'', ''Restoring a Landmark'', ''Silent Voices'', ''Treasures from Home'', and ''Ellis Island Chronicles''. There are also three theaters used for film and live performances.<ref>{{Citation | last = Shepard | first = Richard F. | title = Inside, Reliving the Immigrant's Experience | newspaper = The New York Times | date = September 7, 1990 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/07/arts/inside-reliving-the-immigrant-s-experience.html?scp=16&sq=upper+new+york+bay+barges&st=nyt | accessdate = 2011-12-06 | quote = }}</ref> | |||
| As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bomar |first=Mary A. |authorlink=Mary A. Bomar |title=Summary of Park Centennial Strategies |publisher=National Park Service |month=August |year=2007 |url=http://www.nps.gov/2016/assets/files/Summary-of-Park-Centennial-Strategies.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref> | |||
| The "Wall of Honor" outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.<ref></ref> Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008, the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants. | |||
| The ] is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island. | |||
| ==Unrenovated buildings== | |||
| Many of the facilities at Ellis Island which were abandoned remain unrenovated. The entire south side, called by some the "sad side", of the island is off-limits to the general public. The ] operated from early 1902 to 1930 and is the object of further preservation efforts.<ref name=Forgotten>{{cite news|last=Chan|first=Sewell|title=Ellis Island's Forgotten Hospital|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/ellis-islands-forgotten-hospital/|accessdate=27 December 2011|newspaper=]|date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation | last = Haberrman | first = Clyde | title = The Other Ellis Island | newspaper = New York Times Magazine | date = March 3, 1998 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/22/magazine/the-other-ellis-island.html | accessdate = 2012-12-27 | quote = }}</ref> | |||
| == State sovereignty dispute == | |||
| The island, largely artificially created through ], is situated on the ] side of ]. The natural portion of the island, part of New York City, is surrounded by rest of the island in ]. | |||
| ] side of the ] in ] led to several disputes]] | |||
| The circumstances which led to an ] of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of ] in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of ] would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",<ref></ref> rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| | last = Rieff | |||
| | first = Henry | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = | |||
| | first2 = | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = Interpretations of New York-New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921 | |||
| | journal = Newark Law Review | |||
| | volume = 1 | |||
| | issue = 2 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = | |||
| | url = http://njlegallib.rutgers.edu/journals/docs/journal.nwk.1.29.pdf | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = }}</ref> | |||
| When the ] was separated from the ] in 1674, it was argued that ] belonged to the former. Then-governor ] directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York. Soon thereafter, Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time.<ref></ref><ref>http://www.statenislandhistorian.com/Images/digital_books/How_New_York_Acquired_Staten_Island.pdf</ref> The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the ], ], the ], and ]. | |||
| Attempts were made as early 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.<ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| | last = | |||
| | first = | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Ellis Island Its Legal Status | |||
| | journal = | |||
| | volume = | |||
| | issue = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | publisher = General Services Administration Office of General Counsel | |||
| | location = | |||
| | date = February 11, 1963 | |||
| | url = http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/stli/ellis_island_legal.pdf | |||
| | issn = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | accessdate = 2010-09-25}}</ref> The ] claimed the right to regulate trade on the all the waters. This was contested in '']'' (]) (1824),<ref> Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.</ref> which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in ]. | |||
| In 1830, ] planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.<ref name="nyt-1998-05-27"> | |||
| {{Citation | |||
| | last = Greenhouse | |||
| | first = Linda | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = | |||
| | first2 = | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = The Ellis Island verdict: The Ruling; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island | |||
| | journal = New York Times | |||
| | volume = | |||
| | issue = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | date = May 27, 1998 | |||
| | year = | |||
| | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/27/nyregion/ellis-island-verdict-ruling-high-court-gives-new-jersey-most-ellis-island.html?pagewanted=2 | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = }}</ref> The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by ] in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.<ref>{{cite web | work=NPS.gov | title=Statue of Liberty National Monument - Frequently Asked Questions | url=http://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm |publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=February 1, 2010}}</ref> This was later confirmed by the ] in other cases which also expounded on the compact.<ref name="supreme.justia.com"/><ref>http://en.wikisource.org/Application_of_Devoe_Manufacuring_Company_for_a_Writ_of_Prohibition/Opinion_of_the_Court</ref> | |||
| The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by ], to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Landfilling continued in stages until 1934.<ref></ref> | |||
| Nine-tenths of the current area is ] that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were not part of the original island. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then ], ], commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Logan | first = Andy | authorlink = | coauthors = McCarten, John | title = Invasion from Jersey | work = | publisher = The New Yorker | date = January 14, 1956 url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1956/01/14/1956_01_14_019_TNY_CARDS_000252353 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2011-02-14}}</ref> In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor ] to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.<ref>Sheahan, Matthew. , ''Knot Magazine'', May 4, 2004.</ref> | |||
| The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in 1998 that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate confusions: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a Federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.<ref name="nyt-1998-05-27"/><ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| For New York State tax purposes, it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of New Jersey. | |||
| == In the arts == | |||
| Ellis island has been a source of inspiration or subject for the arts including film, literature and music. | |||
| Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include '']'' (1913), which starred ]; ''The Yellow Passport'' (1916), starring ]; ''My Boy'' (1921), starring ]; ]'s ''The Strong Man'' (1926), starring ]; ''We Americans'' (1928), starring ]; ''The Mating Call'' (film), 1928, co-starring ] and ]; ''Ellis Island'' (1936), starring Donald Cook; ''Paddy O'Day'' (1936), starring ]; ''Gateway'' (1938), starring ]; ''Exile Express'' (1939), which starred Anna Sten; ''I, Jane Doe'' (1948), starring ] and ], and ''Gambling House'' (1951), starring ] | |||
| Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries . The IMAX 3D movie incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie '']'', directed by ], takes place largely on Ellis Island. | |||
| The island has also been used as a film location. In the film '']'', a ] summit held on the island is targeted by ], a former immigrant who attempts to artificially mutate all the delegates present. In the 2005 feature film romantic comedy, '']'', starring ], his and ]' characters take a ] to the island and explore the building. The opening scene of '']'' takes place on Ellis Island. | |||
| Photographer ]' series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island and helped raise $6 million in funding from the United States Congress towards restoration of that area.<ref></ref> | |||
| Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in '']'' by ]. It is also the place where ] was held as an immigrant boy in '']'', where he was marked with an encircled X. | |||
| '']'' is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by ], composed in 2001-02. | |||
| A documentary film entitled '']'', on the ] was created by ] and released in 2008. A book by the same title was published in 2007.<ref>], , New York : Smithsonian Books : Collins, 2007. ISBN 9780061241963</ref> | |||
| "Scenes from Ellis Island" (for guitar ensemble, piano, double bass, two violins and percussion) was composed by American classical guitarist Benjamin Verdery, and was inspired by a visit to Ellis Island. | |||
| The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears", on the 2010 album '']'' by the group ], is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Portal box|New York City|New Jersey}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Refbegin}} | |||
| * , New York County, New York; United States Census Bureau. | |||
| * '''', submitted by Mr. Stump. Ordered to be printed July 28, 1892. By United States Congress, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. | |||
| * Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, '''', 1982 report; | |||
| *{{cite video |people=Encyclopædia Britannica Films, Inc |date=1946 |title=Immigration |url=http://www.archive.org/details/Immigrat1946 |format= |medium=Documentary |publisher=] |location= |accessdate=2009-01-20 |time=10:22 |quote=Archive film contains scenes of Ellis Island and New York City in the early 20th century.}} | |||
| *{{cite video |people=Guggenheim, Charles (director) |date=1989 |title=Island of Hope - Island of Tears |url=http://www.archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava15996vnb1 |format= |medium=Documentary |publisher=National Park Service |location= |accessdate=2009-01-20 |time=28:24 |quote=From 1892–1954, Ellis Island was the port of entry for millions of European immigrants. Fascinating archival footage tells the moving story of families with dreams of opportunity, leaving their homes with what they could carry.}} | |||
| {{Refend}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| {{Refbegin|2}} | |||
| * Baur, J. '', in: ''König, M./Ohliger, R. (ed.), Enlarging European Memory. Migration Movements in Historical Perspective, 2006'', 137-146. | |||
| * Baur, J. '', in: Grabbe, H. J./Schindler, S. (ed.), ''The Merits of Memory. Concepts, Contexts, Debates, 2008'', 185-196. | |||
| * Bolino, A. ''The Ellis Island Source Book'', 1985 | |||
| * Cannato, Vincent J., , New York : Harper, 2009. ISBN 9780060742737 | |||
| * Coan, P. M. ''Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words'', 1998. | |||
| * Corsi, E. ''In the Shadow of Liberty: The Chronicle of Ellis Island'', 1935. | |||
| * Fairchild, A. '''', 2004. | |||
| * Moreno, B., '''', 2005. | |||
| * Moreno, B., '''', 2003. | |||
| * Moreno, B., '''', 2008. | |||
| * Moreno, B. ''Encyclopedia of Ellis Island'', 2004. | |||
| * Moreno, B. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ellis Island'', Fall River Press, September 2010 | |||
| * Novotny, A. ''Strangers at the Door'', 1971. | |||
| * Pitkin, T. M. ''Keepers of the Gate'', 1975. | |||
| * Yew, Elizabeth, M.D., , ''Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine'', Vol. 56, No. 5, June 1980, ]. | |||
| {{Refend}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
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